Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

Sifatlarning otlashishi
1. Ba’zi sifatlar ot ma’nosida ishlatilishi mumkin. Ular shaxslarning hammasini yoki guruhini ifodalab ko‘plik ma’nosida ishlatiladi, lekin ko‘plik qo‘shomchasi –s qo‘shilmaydi va aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi:

There are special schools for the blind in our country.	Mamlakatimizda ko‘rlar uchun maxsus maktablar bor.
Immediete help was rendered to the sick.	Kasallarga shoshilinch yordam ko‘rsatildi.

Izoh: Bir yoki bir nechta alohida shaxslarni ifodalash uchun sifatlarning man, men; woman, women; person, persons otlari bilan birikmasi ishlatiladi: a blind man ko‘r kishi; a blind woman ko‘r ayol; two blind persons ikkita ko‘r kishi; apoor man kambag‘al kishi; two poor men ikkita kambag‘al.

2. 
   Millatni ifodalovchi sifatlar, shu millatga mansub kishilarni ifodalab otga aylanadi:
   

3. 
   –an, ian qo’shimchasi bilan tugagan sifatlar (Russian, German) otga aylanadi, hamda birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi. Ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchasini oladi va millatni ifodalaganda –s qo‘shimchasini oladi:
   

a Russian	rus	Two Ruusians	Ikkita rus	the Russians	ruslar
a Bulgarian	bolgar	Two Bulgarians	ikkita bolgar	the Bulgarians	bolgarlar
a German	nemis	Two Germans	ikkita nemis	the Germans	nemislar
a Norwegian	norveg	Two Norwegians	ikkita norveg	the Norvegians	norveglar
an American	amerikalik	Two Americans	ikkita ameri-kalik	the Americans	amerikaliklar

b) –se, -ss qo‘shimchalari bilan tugagan sifatlar otga aylanganda birlik va ko‘plikda ishlatiladi, lekin ko‘plikda –s qo‘shimchasini olmaydi:

a Chinese xitoylik	Two Chinese ikkita xitoy	the Chinese xitoyliklar
a Japanese yapon	Two Japanese ikkita yapon	the Japanese yaponlar
a Swiss shved	Two Swiss ikkita shved	the Swiss shvedlar

c) –sh, ch (English, French) qo‘shimchalari bilan tugagan sifatlar otlashganda aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi va butun millatni ifodalaydi: the French fransuzlar, the English inglizlar, the Scotch shotlandlar, the Dutch gollandlar, the Spanish ispanlar.

Gap millat haqida ketmasdan, alohida shaxs yoki shaxslar haqida ketganda yuqoridagi sifatlarga man, woman, men, women qoshiladi:

An Englishman Ingliz	An Englishwoman ingliz ayoli	two Englishmen ikkita ingliz
a Frenchman fransuz	a Frenchwoman fransuz ayoli	two Frenchmen ikkita fransuz
a Scotchman shotland	a Scotchwoman shotland ayoli	two Scotchmen ikkita shotland
a Dutchman golland	a Dutchwoman golland ayoli	two Dutchmen ikkita golland

Lekin: a Spaniard ispan, ispan ayoli; two Spaniards ikkita ispan.

Sifatlarning gapdagi o‘rni
1. Sifat aniqlovchi bo‘lib kelganda otdan oldin keladi, ot-kesim tarkibida kelganda esa bog‘lovchi-fe’ldan keyin keladi:

I have bought a red pencil.	Men qizil qalam sotib oldim.
The pencil is red.	Qalam – qizil.

2. Agar otning oldida ikkita yoki undan ko‘p sifat bo‘lsa otga ma’nosi yaqinroq bo‘lgan sifat unga yaqinroq qo‘yiladi:

It was a cold autumn day.	Sovuq kuz kuni edi.
He is a clever young man.	U aqlli yigit (yosh kishi).
She put on a new black woolen dress.	U yungi qora kuylak kiydi.

3. Ba’zi –able,-ible qo‘shimchalari bilan tugagan sifatlar otning oldida ham, orqasida ham qo‘yilishi mumkin:

The goods were shipped by the first available steamer (= by the first steamer available).

Tovarlar qo‘l ostida bo‘lgan (topilgan, o‘ng kelgan)birinchi paroxodga yuklandi.