Мuzaffar Choriyev Мuхаmmаdi G‘opporov

Most of the flowers in the garden were planted by the schoolchildren.
Bog‘dagi gullarning ko‘plari o‘quv-chilar tomonidan o‘tqazilgan edi.
Most of the gentlemen looked angry.	Erkaklarning ko‘pchiligi achchiq-langan edi.

Ot umumiy ma’noda ishlatilib, aniq bo‘lmagan shaxs yoki buyumlar haqida gapirilganda, mostdan keyin kelgan ot oldida artikl ishlatilmaydi:

Most flowers smell sweet.

Ko‘p gullar hushbo‘y hid beradi.

Ba’zi so‘z birikmalari va iboralar bilan doimo noaniq artikl ishlatiladi.

A lot of/ a great deal of, a good deal of, a great number of, a good many, a great many ko‘p a few bir nechta, oz to be at a loss qiynalmoq a little oz at a speed of tezlikda as a result of natijasida at a time when vaqtda, mahalda, -da at a time bir vaqtda, bir martada on a large (small) scale katta (kichik) hajmda all of a sudden to‘satdan to go for a walk sayr qilmoq it is a pity afsus

as a matter of fact haqiqatda to have a good time vaqtni yaxshi o‘tkazmoq for a short (long) time qisqa (uzoq) vaqt davomida to have a mind – moqchi bo‘lmoq in a loud (low) voice qattiq (past) tovushda to be in a hurry shoshilmoq to be in a position holatda bo‘lmoq to have a look qaramoq to have a cold shamollamoq to have a headache boshi og‘rimoq to take a seat o‘tirmoq

Ba’zi so‘z birikmalari va iboralar bilan faqat aniq artikl ishlatiladi.

in the morning ertalab in the evening kechqurun in the afternoon tushdan keyin the in the night tunda what is the time? Soat necha? the day before yesterday o‘tgan kun the day after tomorrow ertadan keyin on the right (left) o‘ngda (chapda) in the country qishloqda, dala-dashtda (shahardan tashqarida) on the one (other) hand bir (boshqa) tomondan

on the whole umuman the other day shu kunlarda, yaqinda to go to the theatre (the cinema, pictures) teatrga (kinoga) bormoq to play the piano, the violin pianino, to tell the time vaqtni aytmoq skripka chalmoq to tell the truth haqiqatni aytmoq to pass the time vaqtni o‘tkazmoq to run the risk tavakkal qilmoq, xavf-xatarga qo‘ymoq

Quyidagi so‘z birikmalari va iboralari artiklsiz ishlatiladi.

at night tunda by day kunduzi at home uyda at work ishda at sunset kun botar mahal at first sihgt birinchi qarashda(ko‘rishda) at peace tinch(likda) at war urush holatida by tram (train, boat, bus) tramvay (poyezd, kema, avtobus) bilan by air havodan (samolyotda) at table stolda (tushlikda,nonushtada, kechki ovqatda, dasturxonda degan ma’noda) to go to school maktabga (o‘qishga) bormoq at school o‘qishda to be in town shaharda bo‘lmoq to go to town (yaqin) shaharga bormoq to go to bed o‘ringa yotmoq to be in bed to‘shakda bo‘lmoq by sea dengiz orqali by land quruqlik orqali

by water suv orqali by post (airmail) pochta (havo pochtasi) orqali by heart yoddan by chance tasodifan by mistake adashib, xato qilib by name nomi bilan by order of –ning buyrug‘i bilan by means of –ning vositasida at dinner (breakfast, supper) tush likda (nonushtada, kechki ovqatda) in time vaqtida in demand talab katta bo‘lmoq on demand talabi bilan in sight ko‘rinishda in fact amalda in conclusion natijada in debt qarzga on board ship kema bortida on deck palubada on sale sotuvda day and night kechayu kunduz day after day kundan kunga

from … to predloglari bilan kelgan iboralarda:

from morning to (till) night ertalabdan tungacha from head to foot boshdan oyo- g‘igacha

from time to time vaqti-vaqti bilan from day to day kundan-kunga from shop to shop magazindan - magazinga

SIFAT (THE ADJECTIVE)

Umumiy ma’lumotlar

1. 
   Shaxs yoki buyumning belgisini bildirgan so‘zlar sifat deyiladi.
   

A young man = yosh kishi; a young woman= yosh ayol; young people = yosh kishilar.

2. 
   Sifat faqat darajalar bo‘yicha o‘zgarishi mumkin: long – uzun; longer – uzunroq; longest – eng uzun.
   

SIFAT DARAJALARI

( Degrees of Comparison ).

1. 
   Sifatning uchta darajasi bor: Oddiy (the Positive Degree), qiyosiy (the Comparative Degree) va orttirma ( the Superlative Degree).
   

The Missippi is a long river. (long – oddiy daraja.).	Missippi uzun daryo.
The Missisippi is longer than the Volga. ( longer – qiyosiy daraja)	Missisippi Volgadan uzunroq.
The Missippi is the longest river in the world. (longest – orttirma daraja)	Missisippi dunyodagi eng uzun daryo.

Qiyosiy daraja	Ikkita shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi
Orttirma daraja	Uch yoki undan ortiq shaxs yoki buyum qiyoslanadi va bittasining darajasi hammasidan ziyoda bo‘ladi.

2. 
   Sodda sifatlarning (bir – ikki bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning) qiyosiy darajasi –er qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan, orttirma darajasi –est qo‘shimchasini qo‘shish bilan yasaladi:
   
3. 
   
   

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
sharp – o‘tkir cold – sovuq deep – chuqur busy – band dirty – iflos clever – aqlli narrow – tor able – layoqatli(qodir) noble –himmatli polite – odobli severe – shafqatsiz sincere – sofdil, samimiy simple – (oddiy) sodda common – oddiy	sharper – o‘tkirroq colder – sovuqroq deeper – chuqurroq busier – bandroq dirtier – iflosroq cleverer –aqlliroq narrower – torroq abler – layoqatlioroq nobler – himmatliroq politer – odobliroq severer – shafqatsizroq sincerer – sofdilroq simpler – soddaroq commoner – oddiyroq	Sharpest – eng o‘tkir coldest – eng sovuq Deepest – eng chuqur Busiest – end band Dirtiest - eng iflos Cleverest – eng aqlli Narrowest – eng tor Ablest – eng layoqatli Noblest – eng himmatli Politest – eng odobli Severest – eng shafqatsiz Sincerest – eng sofdil Simplest – eng sodda Commonest – eng oddiy

4. 
   Ko‘pgina ikki bo‘g‘inli, hamda uch va ko‘p bo‘g‘inli sifatlarning qiyosiy darajasi sifatning oldiga more, orttirma darajasi sifatning oldiga most so‘zlarini qo‘yish bilan yasaladi:
   

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
active faol famous mashhur difficult qiyin comfortable qulay interesting qiziq	more active more famous more difficult more comfortable more interesting	Most active Most famous Most difficult Most comfortable Most interesting

5. 
   Orttirma darajadagi sifat bilan kelgan ot aniq artikl bilan ishlatiladi. Ba’zan ot tushib qolganda ham artikl saqlanib qoladi:
   

This is the shortest way to the station.	Bu stansiyaga eng yaqin yo‘l.
This is the most interesting story in this book.	Bu ushbu kitobdagi eng qiziq hikoya.
The Moscow underground is the best in the world.	Moskva metrosi dunyodagi eng yaxshi metro.

6. 
   Ba’zi sifatlarning darajalari qoidaga bo‘ysunmasdan o‘zakdan o‘zgaradi:
   

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
	Better yaxshiroq Worse yomonroq Less ozroq More ko‘proq	best eng yaxshi worst eng yomon least eng oz most eng ko‘p

7.Far sifatining qiyosiy va orttirma darajalarida ikkitadan shakli bor:

Oddiy daraja	Qiyosiy daraja	Orttirma daraja
far uzoq	Farther uzoqroq Further uzoqroq keyingi, qo‘shimcha	Farthest eng uzoq Furthest eng uzoq eng keyingi

Masofaga nisbatan farther, further va farthest, furthest baravar ishlatiladi.

I found him in the farthest (furthest) corner of the park.

Men uni bog‘ning eng uzoq burchagidan topdim.