Blue ocean theory
. The whole market universe consists of two oceans: the red
ocean and blue ocean (Kim and Mauborgne, 2005). Red ocean symbolizes existing
known market space with defined boundaries and known competitors who try to
outperform their rivals to gain increased existing market demand (Chandrakala &
Devaru, 2013). In contrast, blue oceans are environments that offer businesses a high
potential of lucrative and profitable return (Dehkordi et al., 2012). Blue ocean symbolizes
unknown market space defined by opportunities for profitable growth, untapped market
space and a chance for new demand creation (Chandrakala & Devaru, 2013).
Product development has seen an increased amount of unacceptable new product
failure rates due to competitors who interfere with marketing strategy and force that
weaken resources and reduce success (Pitta & Pitta, 2012). A business can return in a
competitive market as a new model by using a blue ocean strategy to create a new
environment (Dehkordi et al., 2012). Businesses such as Coco-Cola, Deloitte, Proctor &
Gamble, and HP used the blue ocean strategy to tap into new markets (Wubben et al.,
2012). Therefore, a new product development process incorporating a blue ocean strategy
before the idea generation stage might assist with reducing the failure rates of products
and creating breakthrough products (Pitta & Pitta, 2012).
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Researchers in the field of strategic marketing have studied the blue ocean
strategy (Yang, 2012). Parvinen, Aspara, Hietanen, and Kajalo (2011) argued that the
literature on blue ocean strategy lack a scientific theoretical corpus because few studies
addressed the blue ocean strategy for creating unconventional, unanticipated, and
business models that create new ways of delivering value to the customer in the
marketplace contrary to the competition. Parvinen et al. (2011) examined how business
model transformation constituting of completely new approaches into value creation
drives the profitability and growth of sales activities by attempting to open missing
avenues for such approaches to blue ocean strategy. Wubben et al. (2012) assessed
whether the statement
in any industry, no matter how competitive it is, a company can
create a blue ocean of uncontested market space
was significant and true for the
European fruits and vegetable industry. In Europe, only 15 large buyer groups dominate
the fresh fruit and vegetable markets; therefore, the fresh fruit and vegetable industry
needs new business and value propositions to innovate, grow and prosper (Wubben et al.,
2012). Wubben et al.’s (2012) findings confirmed the blue ocean strategy framework
enabled one to identify untapped market space. For example, the new buyers targeted for
Youngfruit are children and teenagers. Another example is the hotel industry, which
offers intangible products and services to its customers (Yang, 2012). The hotel industry
needs crucial strategies that include people-oriented services and repeat business to
expedite a hotel's establishment of a sustainable successful advantage in an uncontested
marketplace; therefore, the blue ocean strategy may offer important advantages for the
hotel industry’s survival in the market place (Yang, 2012).
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