A NEW PHASE: 1992–2008 221
by Muhammad Salikh, announced its departure from Birlik and the foundation of
another party, Erk
(Freedom).
At the movement’s third congress on May 26–27 1990, Birlik adopted a more
liberal program aimed at building a secular democratic state on the foundation of
national traditions. It actively participated in inter-republic exchanges with other
oppositionists, joining the All-Union Democratic Congress, The Democratic Con-
gress of Central Asia and Kazakhstan, and the Assembly of Turkic Peoples. Birlik
gradually became a mass movement of more than 400,000 people. It was especially
influential in the Ferghana Valley and the Tashkent region. The Birlik Party (as
opposed to movement) was established at an organizational conference on June 17,
1990, calling itself by October 1991 the Democratic Party of Uzbekistan.
The nascent secular opposition failed to establish itself as a full-fledged alterna-
tive to the former Soviet national bureaucracy, and did not succeed in establishing
an attractive model or conception for constructing a national Uzbek state. Constant
repression prevented it from openly presenting its views to society.
38
Moreover,
inexperience in state and public administration, and limited financial resources,
prevented Birlik from turning the tide in its direction during the immediate aftermath
of perestroika and independence. The bureaucracy, by contrast, quickly recovered
after perestroika and adjusted to the new reality, now calling itself a popular demo-
cratic movement. Karimov effectively rode this wave and channeled it to establish
his own dominance. He co-opted several influential opposition leaders by giving
them prestigious governmental posts. By 1994–95 the government had managed to
dismantle the secular opposition by co-opting some of its leaders and repressing the
others. Salikh sought refuge in Germany, while Birlik leader Abdurakhman Pulatov
left for Turkey. The Erk Party, in effect the liberal wing of the Birlik Party, was
banned outright. The authorities firmly suppressed riots by teachers in Ferghana
City and Namangan, and demonstrations at a plant in Kattakurgan. This violence
by the state served to radicalize what remained of the opposition.
Early on, part of the Uzbek secular opposition participated in the elections.
However, as they saw the futility of prevailing in dubious polls, they embraced the
goal of overthrowing the president by any means possible. Moreover, part of the
democratic opposition joined the radical Islamists’ cause on the grounds that the
Islamists had from the outset sought the armed overthrow of the Karimov govern-
ment. In February 1999, Islamic extremists and former members of the Erk Party
organized a series of explosions in Tashkent and announced that terrorist attacks
would continue until the regime fell and conditions for peaceful negotiations had
been established.
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