216
BESHIMOV, SHOZIMOV, BAKHADYROV
from April 1994 to June 27, 1997, when the two sides signed an agreement establish-
ing peace and national accord in Tajikistan. Both sides committed themselves to the
implementation of all previously signed agreements, and a National Reconciliation
Commission was established under the leader of the Islamic party and its leader, Sayid
Abdullo Nuri. Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan,
Afghanistan, and Russia, as well as representatives from the UN, OSCE, and the
Organization of the Islamic Conference, served as observers and guarantors of the
peace. All told, the civil war claimed up to 40,000 lives, cost at least $7 billion, and
led to the destruction of 80 percent of the south’s economy.
Inter-Tajik reconciliation gave the new government serious political capital,
which led to diverse reforms. The peace process, culminating in the formal end of
the civil war and the legal registration of the IRPT Party and the Democratic Party
of Tajikistan, contributed to the formation of a political system unique in Central
Asia, in that it includes a legal Islamic party. The president, although having recon-
ciled with the Islamists in power, unequivocally declared that Tajikistan is a secular
state. He emphasized that “every other model of social organization in Tajikistan
has led to destabilization and civil war. The vast majority of the population, whose
will is
enshrined in the constitution, does not want this.”
23
In the aftermath of the civil war, Rakhmonov attempted to focus public attention
on the problems associated with building the new Tajik state. Such issues were
particularly acute in the north of the country, especially in the Ferghana provinces.
In his book
Tajiks in the Mirror of History: From Aryan to Samanid, Rakhmonov
tried to build a foundation of identity for the new Tajik state.
24
Such subsequent
national projects as the effort to reclaim the heritage of Zoroastrianism in 1999
and the affirmation of Tajiks’ Aryan heritage in 2005 to 2006 were aimed primarily
at undercutting the country’s growing Islamic religiosity, and also at neutralizing
the growing influence of Turkic forms of identity, especially Pan-Turkism. Both
projects sought to underscore the differences between the new forms of identity
being promoted in Tajik parts of the Ferghana Valley from the Uzbek and Turkic
identities taking root in the other two sectors.
Throughout the first decade of the new millennium, President Rakhmonov, now
having Persianized his name to Rakhmon, focused on strengthening his political
position. In 2002 his People’s Democratic Party handily defeated both Communists
and the Islamic Rebirth Party of Tajikistan. Then, between 2003 and 2005 the con-
stitution was amended to allow Rakhmon to serve two additional terms, and the law
on elections was changed to remove the upper-age limit on candidates for office.
Subsequent electoral defeats led the opposition parties to accuse the president and
parliament of abandoning democratization and strengthening authoritarian rule in
Tajikistan.
25
The authoritarian model of government in Tajikistan has many sources. National
leaders argue that it is a reasonable response to demands created by the effort to
advance social and economic development, and that it arises naturally from Ta-
jikistan’s cultural and historical circumstances. The political opposition considers
A NEW PHASE: 1992–2008 217
it ineffective in addressing the society’s basic problems. Defended or attacked,
Tajik authoritarianism owes more than a little to the
dramatic shift in political
and economic power away from the Ferghana provinces of the north in the years
after 1991, and the concern of the Kulyabis who dominated Dushanbe thereafter
to consolidate their newly won authority.
Tajikistan’s political system remains unstable, with a high potential for conflict.
However, the country’s bloody civil war in the 1990s led directly to the establish-
ment of a coalition government that includes representatives from a legal Islamic
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