218
BESHIMOV, SHOZIMOV, BAKHADYROV
Two ideas dominated under Karimov: nationalism and authoritarianism. His
goals were to adjust the organs of Soviet power to the needs of an independent Uzbek
state and to consolidate his own position at the top of the new political pyramid. He
gave the state an all-consuming role, reaffirmed centralization and strict hierarchy.
Karimov bluntly acknowledged that “everything comes back to me, and this is not
an accident: we went through a very tumultuous period of development and had
to respond to many difficult challenges, and I simply had to take everything on
myself.”
30
Defending what he sees as his country’s interests, he has been accused
of stoking tensions with neighboring states and interfering in their domestic affairs.
The same concern led him to staunchly oppose religious extremism at home and to
seek to build links between Uzbek Muslims and the new nationalism.
31
The new national ideology led to the removal of Soviet and Russian statues
and the erection of new monuments to the likes of Amir Timur (Tamerlane),
the
poet Alisher Navoi, and the ruler-scientist Ulugbek.
Books and magazines
featuring socialism and other Soviet principles were purged from the country’s
bookshelves.
32
In the 1990s the main internal concern was to consolidate
an authoritarian
political system based both on local Uzbek traditions and on the model of China.
Opposing this were a weak democratic movement, Islamist militants, and clandes-
tine regional forces. From the first days of independence, Karimov’s new national
bureaucracy emerged as the best-organized and most decisive force in the country,
eventually enabling it to prevail over all three of its opponents.
Throughout his career Karimov has spoken of threats to the new national state
and the need for order and discipline. Some have argued that his nationalism was
in part the fruit of his effort to neutralize the nationalism of the opposition. What is
clear is that the ideological and armed struggle of the Uzbek Islamists to overthrow
him, the bitter underground struggle for power among different political groups
and clans, and the need to navigate among competing powers internationally weigh
heavily on the president’s political consciousness.
In April 1992, President Karimov became the first leader from the region to
perform the
hajj to Saudi Arabia. Using state and academic resources, he worked
to inculcate his own understanding of Islam and to suppress alternative views, if
necessary with violence. He views the Islamic world as divided into two oppos-
ing camps: the traditional “enlightened” Islam, which he aims to support in every
way possible; and militant Islam, which would destroy the traditionalists’ faith and
establish a caliphate in Central Asia.
To maintain power in tumultuous times, Karimov relied on the suppression of
discontent and the repression of dissidents. An overwhelming majority of Central
Asia experts condemn the repressive policies of the Uzbek president; however, some
view them as measures needed to stem “the spread of Islamic fundamentalism in
Central Asia,” and accordingly they defend his authoritarianism as an essential if
regrettable tool against extremists.
33
The Russian analyst Kulchik argues that there
was no alternative to Karimov’s authoritarianism: “Uzbekistan needs a strongly and
A NEW PHASE: 1992–2008 219
sufficiently centralized power. Karimov’s conservative, authoritarian regime is fully
consistent with established objectives and historical conditions.”
34
Yet one might
argue that this perspective overlooks the possibility that while repressive policies
may keep the Islamists in check for now, they do so at the price of further radical-
izing the opposition and thereby clearing a future path for militant Islamism.
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