Ferghana Valley


State Building in the Name of Nationalism



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Ferghana Valley The Heart of Central Asia ( PDFDrive )

State Building in the Name of Nationalism
Like the Communists before him, Karimov skillfully transformed the institutions 
of traditional society and made them serve new needs. Traditional neighborhood 
and local structures like mahallas and avlods were used to consolidate state power 
at the local, regional, and national levels. Because all these institutions were alive 
and well in the Ferghana Valley, their transformation to new purposes came about 
relatively easily there. As Soviet institutions were abolished, these traditional enti-
ties came to receive direct financial support from the state and to serve the cause 
of national independence. They also became local bulwarks against the infiltration 
of alien ideologies and destructive ideas.
35
Uzbekistan’s 1992 constitution is based on a formal division of powers between 
the executive, legislative, and judicial, with a bicameral parliament. In practice, 
Karimov constructed a unitary and strictly vertical system of governance. Repre-
sentative bodies exist at the provincial, district and city levels, but the governors 
(hokims) are appointed by the president and are directly responsible to him. These 
hokim
s are the highest authority at all three levels of government, and they wield 
the same strictly centralized power as their predecessors did in Soviet and tsarist 
times. As a result, the development of local self-government was thwarted, as was 
the development of the other branches of government besides the executive.
Communities in the Ferghana Valley responded to this reality just as they 
earlier had responded to Soviet power, namely, by paying formal respect to the 
new authorities but otherwise continuing to maintain their traditional lives to the 
greatest extent possible.
Regions like the Ferghana Valley found themselves with little apparent voice 
in Tashkent. True, referendums and elections were held, but these occurred at the 
price of not developing local self-government and the judiciary. This gradually 
undermined the credibility and efficacy of the Cabinet of Ministers, Majlisi Oli 
(parliament), non-governmental organizations, law enforcement agencies, and the 
media. This also threw local communities in the Ferghana Valley and elsewhere back 
on their own resources. Ineffective parliamentary representation and the vagueness 
and contradictions of official acts left local officials of the state with seemingly 
unlimited power over citizens’ lives. Inevitably this brought about indiscipline 
within official ranks and widespread corruption.
Many Uzbek scholars assert that power in their country must be concentrated 
in the hands of either a political elite or an enlightened leader. Modernization, in 
their opinion, requires rigidly centralized and essentially total power to guide the 


220 BESHIMOV, SHOZIMOV, BAKHADYROV
gradual evolution from a statist economy to some form of market system. The 
maintenance of state institutions and services—education, health, and so forth—is 
more important in the course of this transition than democracy, especially if greater 
citizen participation leads to the weakening of these social services. Opposing this 
view are scholars like Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott, who decry the Uzbek 
government’s “very limited understanding or interest in democracy or a market 
economy.”
36
Some have seen the Uzbek approach as a manifestation of the strategy 
employed by the Asian Tigers, but this is discredited by the absence of a vibrant 
private sector in what, others argue, was an “autocratic wasteland.”
37

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