Perspectives on the Ferghana Valley Since Independence
Since independence, three factors have emerged as defining forces in the Ferghana
Valley: first, the rate of economic growth in the three states, which requires deft
economic policies and the reining in of corruption; second, the degree of coopera-
tion and coordination among the three Ferghana states; and. third, the establishment
of a workable relationship with Islam. Martha Brill Olcott argues that the region’s
authorities have mistakenly assumed that religion can be controlled by the state.
53
True or not, the states need to work out a modus vivendi with Islam, for religion
A NEW PHASE: 1992–2008 225
appears to be winning in the competition against current governments. For this
reason Charles William Maynes asserts that “The important task today in Central
Asia is finding a place in the political structure for the growth of Islam.”
54
The Ferghana Valley faces serious difficulties in relations among neighboring
countries, especially regarding water. As Christine Bichsel shows in Chapter 11, it
has become increasingly clear since independence that the states themselves can-
not resolve this conflict, and must therefore appeal to international organizations
and financial institutes. Much the same must be said for the intractable ecological
issues, most of which have deep roots in the Soviet era.
Similarly, the situation along the borders has become increasingly tense. The
states have not completed the process of demarcation and delineation of borders,
and tensions continue over contentious areas and pockets. Between Kyrgyzstan
and Uzbekistan alone, there are three dozen disputed plots, the most serious of
which are the tracts near Gavasay in Jalalabad, the area of the Andijan reservoir,
the Kyrgyz enclave of Barak, and the Uzbek enclave of Sokh.
The political systems of the region’s states and public institutions have yet to
solve the challenge of dealing with diversity of opinion and political pluralism.
During the transition period many considered a “strong arm” to be necessary and
desirable, which led to the emergence of authoritarian rule.
55
However, state institu-
tions in the Ferghana Valley are often weak and unresponsive to normal citizens,
while presidential parties discourage the kind of interchanges with opponents
that could provide a safety valve in difficult times. Elective bodies could fulfill
this same function, but for now they are not a factor in local affairs in any of the
valley’s three sectors. All three governments have long opposed parliamentary
democracy on the grounds that it could undermine the implementation of urgently
needed changes, that the populations were not ready for it, and that it could become
a destabilizing force.
Even when a government championed democracy, as occurred briefly in Kyr-
gyzstan under Akaev, little attention was paid to such practical issues as rules and
procedures, the creation of a responsive civil administration, institutionalization,
the responsibilities that must accompany freedom, and the rule of law.
56
The 2005
Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan proved stillborn and elicited bitter hostility in both
Tashkent and Dushanbe. As early as April 2000, the Tajik government imposed
strict regulations on non-governmental organizations, while Uzbekistan banned
60 percent of such organizations in 2005.
57
This has had the effect of undergirding
traditional local institutions throughout the valley.
In later years, the United States and Europe have treated changes in the region
with great caution. Many in the West have concluded that democratic processes
could bring to the fore the most reactionary forces in Central Asian society, as oc-
curred in Algeria and Iran. Westerners have reasonably asked whether they really
want to promote democracy if the triumph of radical Islam is a possible outcome
of their efforts. Others respond with equal logic that international passivity could
lead to the very same results.
226 BESHIMOV, SHOZIMOV, BAKHADYROV
Rivalries among the great powers have had a negative impact on the Ferghana
Valley.
58
This has been most dramatically apparent in Russia’s successful effort to
establish a military base in the Kyrgyz sector of the valley, which both Uzbekistan
and Tajikistan perceive as a threat to their territory. The U.S. response of creating
a small training facility in the Osh region by no means balances this move. At a
deeper level, Russia adopted the view that nefarious designs by Western powers
lay behind all Central Asian movements for reform, while Westerners detect il-
licit Russian money behind every move to defend the status quo. Some claim the
aftermath of September 11, 2001, offered an opportunity to use Western assistance
to accelerate modernization
59
in ways that would not have led to objections from
Moscow or Beijing. Whether this was the case, neither the regional governments
nor the United States seized this potential opportunity.
60
The notable events in Kyrgyzstan in March and Andijan in May 2005 pointedly
raised the issue of regime change and its consequences. In both cases it was the
Ferghana Valley that posed the issue to the nations affected. Both the successful
coup in Kyrgyzstan and the failed coup in Uzbekistan demonstrated clearly that
reactionary criminal groups can utilize mass discontent to seize power, and that
the Ferghana Valley offered an attractive base for such actions. The reinforcement
of authoritarian rule after these events and its popular acceptance in both countries
suggest that democratization was not a priority for the majority of the population.
Even in Kyrgyzstan, democracy could not take root because it lacked popular sup-
port. Across the Ferghana Valley democracy is seen not as an end in itself but as a
possible tool for discrediting and eliminating a political rival currently in power.
Unsuccessful and tragic in their consequences, the Andijan events and the Kyrgyz
coup underscore the increased use of armed action to facilitate regime change in
the Ferghana Valley.
61
More recent terrorist acts in all three sectors of the valley
suggest that the resort to armed force has not ended.
The Ferghana Valley could yet become the epicenter of a future region-wide
conflict. Many abroad continue to regard Central Asia not as a zone of sovereign
states but as a kind of artificial formation including Russia, China, Iran, and Tur-
key.
62
Independence brought together national, religious, and cultural groups that
in some cases have little in common with each other. These differences could be
exploited in various ways, and even, as a worst-case scenario, as a pretext to re-
draw existing borders. The greatest danger arises from the possibility of external
powers manipulating current rivalries within the region. Arguably, these rivalries
are sharpest among the three Ferghana Valley states, and arise in part because the
interests of the three countries collide in that region. Uzbekistan, because of its
size and determined focus on preserving its security, can readily undertake actions
that its two neighbors perceive as detrimental to themselves.
63
A variety of factors
have sown mounting distrust, especially between Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.
Disagreements over the construction of the Rogun and Kambarata power stations
involve all three countries, with each party appealing separately to international
agencies and arbiters.
A NEW PHASE: 1992–2008 227
As noted above, the militarization of the Ferghana Valley has stoked tensions
between Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan. The decision of the Collective Security Treaty
Organization (CSTO), of which Uzbekistan is not a member, to open a military
base in the Kyrgyz part of the valley met staunch opposition from Tashkent. The
agreement between the United States and Kyrgyzstan to set up a training base
for special military forces in Batken province near the Uzbek border also arouses
suspicions in Tashkent. Clearly, both steps are potentially destabilizing.
The U.S. government is concerned over the Ferghana countries’ role in the Af-
ghan drug trade,
64
while the Uzbek government sees a direct connection between
narcotics and IMU activity. Afghan drugs helped fund the civil war in Tajikistan,
which impacted both of Tajikistan’s Ferghana neighbors.
65
The director of Russia’s
Federal Drug Control Service, V. Ivanov, asserts that $15 billion out of the total
$17 billion of Afghan drug revenues are directed through the “northern route,”
and that significant sums from this cash trove support the Islamic Movement of
Uzbekistan and Hizb ut-Tahrir in the Ferghana Valley.
66
Moreover, the drug trade
in the Ferghana states feeds corruption and widens the chasm between state and
society, which in turn fosters the conditions under which radical Islamists present
themselves as a plausible alternative.
67
A close connection exists between the situation in the Ferghana Valley and the
ongoing struggle in Afghanistan. Spillover from the Afghan violence is a constant
danger,
68
especially in the densely populated Ferghana Valley. The opening of the
United States’ Northern Transit Network made Central Asian countries part of the
theater of military operations against the Taliban. Moreover, Uzbeks in Mazar-e
Sharif and Tajiks from the Panjshir Valley play an important role in Afghan politics.
Should a collapse of NATO operations in Afghanistan take place, it could trigger
the redrawing of that country’s political map, with a division between the Pashtun
south and the Tajik and Uzbek (and Turkmen) north.
The end of Soviet-type development strengthened Central Asia’s village tra-
ditionalism and weakened its urban-based modernization. This led to a collision
between the post-Soviet secular Western model of society and an Islamic approach to
social development. A victory by the latter would remove from power the national,
secular-minded elites who have emerged over decades, and the reconstruction of
the region’s entire system of socio-economic life. For the time being, religion ap-
pears to trump secularism.
69
If in the beginning of the 1990s the number of people
performing the hajj from moderately religious Kyrgyzstan amounted to only a few
dozen, yet reached 3,000 by 1998, 95 percent of them came from the Ferghana
Valley. After gaining independence, Kyrgyzstan experienced the construction of
more than 1,200 new mosques, the majority of which were built by theological
foundations in Iran, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia.
70
Such penetration of foreign
religious organizations into the Uzbek and Tajik parts of the Ferghana Valley was
even more intensive.
This occurs because growing numbers of people in the Ferghana Valley doubt
whether the secular state truly defends their interests. In frustration they turn to
228 BESHIMOV, SHOZIMOV, BAKHADYROV
Islam because no reliable secular alternative exists. This political and ideological
mobilization of a traditionalist society is taking place in all sectors of the populous
Ferghana Valley, posing obvious dangers for the future. Even now, European secular
culture introduced by Russian and Soviet rule is steadily losing ground across the
valley, and could in due course disappear entirely. If this happens, the diversity
of cultural life that existed in the Soviet period also will cease, and even the most
bizarre aspirations of groups like Hizb ut-Tahrir will go unchallenged.
71
This pro-
cess begins when governments allow Islamist parties and organizations to claim
the moral high ground of opposition to perceived widespread corruption. While
the remainders of the weak legal political opposition struggle futilely within the
secular model, Islamists are proposing radical change. Such a stance is especially
appealing to youth;
72
if impoverished Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan continue to under-
invest in education, and if per capita income in all three sectors of the Ferghana
Valley does not show marked improvement, the Islamist alternative is bound to
grow yet more attractive.
Notes
1. S.I. Lunev, “Ferganskaia Dolina kak odna iz modelei regionalnogo razvitiia,” www.
ca-c.org/journal/09-1997/st_04_lunev.shtml.
2. S.I. Lunev, Vyzovy bezopasnosti iuzhnykh granits Rossii, Moscow, 1999, p. 111.
3. Trud v SSSR: statisticheskii sbornik, Moscow, 1988, pp. 22–23.
4. Martha Brill Olcott and Aleksei Malashenko, eds., Mnogomernye granitsy Tsentralnoi
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