Ferghana Valley

See also
Transportation routes
Transoxiana, 31, 298
Transportation routes
international community relations, 375, 
385–87
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 151–52
Stalinism (1929–1953), 122–124
See also
Railways
Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia 
(TRACECA), 379, 385–86, 391n65
Troikas, 134
Truth of Islam, 353
Tulip Revolution (Kyrgyzstan, 2005), xiii, 
207, 225, 234, 281, 348, 383, 384
Turaev, S., 141
Turajonzoda, Hodja Akbar, 214, 358
Turas
, 120, 175, 283
Turkestan
border delineation (1917–1930), 105–14
Communist Party, 101

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INDEX 439
Turkestan (continued)
Islam, 297, 298, 338
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 45, 46, 
48, 50–51, 56
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 70, 
72, 74, 75, 76, 77–79, 81, 82–83, 
86
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 94–99, 101–2, 
103, 105–7
Turkestan Autonomous Government, 
95–99
Turkestan Commission, 101, 117n14
Turkestan Committee of the Provisional 
Government, 94
Turkestan Council of People’s 
Commissars, 95
Turkestan Legion, 136
Turkestan Mountains, ix, 3, 14
Turkestan-Siberia Railroad, 122, 138n11
Turkestanskii krai
, 89
Turkestan Vedomosti
, 63
Turkey
Islam, 337
newspapers, 88
since independence (1992–2008), 206, 
226
Stalinism (1929–1953), 119, 130–31
Turkic language, 19–20, 128–29
Turkmenistan
border delineation (1917–1930), 106
international community relations,
385
Islam, 327
since independence (1992–2008), 205
Turmukan, 16
Turon
, 88
Tursun, Sator, 167
Tursunkulov, Khamrakul, 127, 138n17
Tursunzadin, 346
Tynyshpaev, Muhammadjan, 96–97
Tyurk Odami Markaziat Firkasi, 90
U
Uchkurgan, 17, 143
hydroelectric plant, 145, 375
Ufa, 97
Ukraine
Islam, 332
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 146
perestroika (1985–1991), 188
Ukraine (continued)
since independence (1992–2008), 205
Stalinism (1929–1953), 121
Ulak
, 62
Ulama
, 120, 137n3, 200, 286, 311, 323, 
343
Ulugbek, 218
Ulugtog, 20
Ulug Turkiston
, 98
Ulugzade, 167
Uluu, Tursunbay Bakir, 347, 348
Ulzhabaev, Tursun, 141
Umar-hon Domla, 319
Umar Khan, 33, 44
Umid, 89
Ummah
, 298, 316
Union of Paupers and Day Laborers 
(Koshchi), 104
United Nations, 209
United Nations Development Programme 
(UNDP), 234, 268, 376–77, 378
United Nations Economic and Social 
Commission for Asia and the Pacific 
(UN ESCAP), 385, 387
United Nations Ferghana Valley 
Development Programme, 374, 
375–76
United Nations Special Program for the 
Economies of Central Asia (SPECA), 
385
United States
international community relations, 375, 
376–77, 380, 382–83, 386–87
Islam, 331
since independence (1992–2008), 
225–26, 227
United States Agency for International 
Development (USAID), 242, 268, 
269, 270, 378–79, 383, 389n24
United Tajik Opposition, 180
Upper Nesya, 14
Uranium, 147–48, 377–78, 383
Ura-Tyube
Islam, 306, 353
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 155
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 31–32, 
41, 56
pre-colonialism, 6, 7
Urban development
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 143

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440 INDEX
Urban development (continued)
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 80
Urest, 14, 17
Urunhodjaev, Saidhodjia, 127, 138n17
Useinov, Viacheslav, 291
‘Ushr
, 318, 364n62
Usman, Farhad, 222
Usmankhodzhaev, Imandzon B., 140–41, 
179, 182, 186
Usmanov, Alisher, 154
Usmon, Toji, 167
Ustadan
, 21
Usubaliev, Turdakun, 142
Usuli-dzhadi
, 85
Usuni, 9
Uzbekistan
border delineation (1917–1930), 105–14, 
123
Communist Party, 134, 140–41, 142, 
179, 190, 199
cultural identity (1991–present), 
278–80, 281, 284–86, 287–88, 290, 
291
democracy, 221
economic development (1991–present), 
232–33, 235, 236–37, 238, 239–40, 
241, 242–43, 244–45, 246–47, 
248–49
agriculture, 241, 242
banking system, 237
foreign investment, 240
global financial crisis (2008), 248
income, 232–33, 244–45
industry, 242–43
labor force, 245–46
population, 246–47
privatization, 235
prospects, 248–49
taxation, 238
trends, 233
education, 126
geopolitical division, ix, xii
international community relations, 
373–80, 381, 383, 384–85,
386
irrigated agriculture, 254–55, 258f, 
267–68, 270–71
Islam, 126, 296, 297–301, 309, 315, 
316–21, 323–27, 329, 330, 333, 
334–38, 344, 345, 346, 347, 350, 
356, 357–58, 359–60
Islamic Movement, xiii
Uzbekistan (continued)
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 140–41, 142, 
143–44, 145, 146, 148, 149, 150, 
154–55, 156, 158, 165, 166, 167, 
168, 170–71, 174
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 31, 57, 
58, 64
language, 128–29, 194–95, 198–99
maps, x, xi
national identity, 124–25, 132–33, 
194–96
perestroika (1985–1991), 178–79, 
180–83, 185, 186, 188–93, 194–96, 
198–200
since independence (1992–2008),
205–6, 209, 210–11, 217–23, 
224–28
Stalinism (1929–1953), 121, 123, | 
124–25, 126, 128–29, 132–33, 
134–36
tax rebellions, 64
water resources, 259–60, 261, 264–65, 
269–70, 272
See also
specific city
Uzgen
coin mint, 12, 16
Dalverzin, 4, 5
Islam, 348
Karakhanids, 11
religious tombs, 21
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 83
trade routes, 15, 17
Yucheng City, 7
Uzgen-Aryk River, 8
Uzgendi, Nusrat ad’din Klich al-, 21
Uzgendi, Sheikh Burhan ad’din Klich al-, 
21
Uzun, 13
V
Vajrayana Buddhism, 21
Vakhan, 34
Vakt
, 88
Vankent, 14
Vernii (Almaty), 69, 70
Vietnam, 17
Vilaets
, 57
Viniculture, 8
Vorukh, 289, 379
Vuadil, 378, 379

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INDEX 441
W
Wahhab, Muhammad Ibn Abd al-, 305,
355
Wahhabism
cultural identity (1991–present), 280, 281, 
282
Islam, 305–14, 316, 326, 336–37, 344, 
348, 349
perestroika (1985–1991), 199–200
since independence (1992–2008), 222–23
Waqfs
defined, 361n2
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 39, 59, 
61, 298
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 
72–73, 77, 80, 298
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 103, 299–300
Stalinism (1929–1953), 129, 131
Water canals
Great Andijan, 151, 254
Great Ferghana, 124, 254
Great Namangan, 254
Kyzyl-Tyubin, 151
Matchoi, 193–94
North Ferghana, 254
Shakhrikhansai, 254
South Ferghana, 254
Yangi-Suzak, 150
Water reservoirs
Andijan, 254, 375
Chartak, 150
Iskier, 150
Kairakkum, 123, 138n13, 150, 254, 
261–62, 375
Karkidon, 375
Kasansai, 375
Kerkidon, 151, 375
Namangan, 150
Papansk, 375
Toktogul, 254, 255, 261, 262, 271
Water resources
economic development (1991–present), 
236, 242, 243, 248
environmental degradation, 265–66, 
377–78
international community relations, 
268–70, 272–73, 276n70, 377–78, 
379, 381–82
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 144, 145, 148, 
254–59
Water resources (continued)
Kyrgyzstan, 259–60, 261–62, 264–65, 
269–70, 272
national management, 255, 258, 259–63, 
268–70, 271
perestroika (1985–1991), 193–94
prospects, 270–73
since independence (1992–2008), 225, 
259–63
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 104–5, 254
Stalinism (1929–1953), 123
Tajikistan, 259–60, 261–62, 264–65, 
269–70, 272
Uzbekistan, 259–60, 261, 264–65, 
269–70, 272
See also
Hydroelectric plants; Irrigated 
agriculture
Water User Association (WUA), 260, 
269–70, 274n30
Weaving, 59–60
Wheat, 7
Wilson, Woodrow, 91
Women
education, 126, 166
Islamic tradition, 126, 303–4
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 153–54, 166–67
labor force, 166–67
self-immolation, 154
social welfare, 153–54
See also
Marriage
World Bank, 209, 232, 233, 268, 269, 375, 
378, 387
World Trade Organization, 209, 232
World War I, 90
World War II
Afghanistan, 136
conscription, 136
England, 136, 139n30
ethnic groups, 188
Russia, 76
Stalinism (1929–1953), 135–36