Ferghana Valley

Partnership for Peace, 378, 380
Party of Islamic Youth of Tajikistan, 308
Pasolini, Pier Paolo, 291
Pazyl Bey, 31
Peasant Army, 100–101
Peikals
, 174
Penjikent, 143
People’s Assembly, 97
People’s National Democratic Party, 217
Perestroika (1985–1991)
agriculture, 178, 179, 180–83, 193
border delineation, 193–94
Cotton Affair (1983), 141, 178, 179, 
180–83, 193
cultural arts, 185, 197–98, 199
economic development, 180–88, 189, 
192
education, 199
ethnic groups, 185, 188–93, 194–96
Ferghana events (1989), 179, 185, 
188–93
Islam, 196, 197, 198, 199–200
Kyrgyzstan, 179, 186, 193–96, 198
language, 194–95, 197, 198–99
national identity, 186–87, 194–96
Osh events (1990), 185, 191, 194–96
Perestroika (continued)
political development, 183–88
political leadership, 178–83, 186,
187–88
social development, 196–200
Tajikistan, 179–80, 183–88, 193–94, 196, 
197–98, 199–200
Uzbekistan, 178–79, 180–83, 185, 186, 
188–93, 194–96, 198–200
water resources, 193–94
Perovskii, Lev, 45, 69
Persian Gulf, 375
Persian language, 128–29
Peshin/az-zuhr
, 319
Pesticides, 266
Petrograd, 94–95, 97–98
Photography, 63
Pirs
, 131, 175
Pishpek (later Frunze, now Bishkek)
border delineation (1917–1930), 108
Islam, 339
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 36, 45,
46
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 70
Poetry
cultural identity (1991–present), 279, 
280, 291–93
Ferghana School, 169, 279, 291–93
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 156, 158, 167, 
168–69
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 33, 62
perestroika (1985–1991), 197
pre-colonialism, 23
Police of Sharia Morality, 319
Political development
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 140–45
perestroika (1985–1991), 183–88
pre-colonialism, 5
Political leadership
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 140–42
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 29–38
perestroika (1985–1991), 178–83, 186, 
187–88
pre-colonialism, 10, 11–13, 22
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 
69–74
since independence (1992–2008), 206–11, 
212, 213–15, 216–19, 220–21
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 94–95

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432 INDEX
Political leadership (continued)
Stalinism (1929–1953), 120–21, 127, 
134–35
See also
specific government leader
Political symbols, 279–80, 281
Ponsadbashis
, 40
Popular Front, 214
Population, xii
birth rate, 246–47
economic development (1991–present), 
246–48
international community relations, 374, 
388n6
Khrushchev/Brezhnev era 
(1950s–1980s), 165, 176
Kokand Khanate (1709–1876), 58
mortality rate, 247
Soviet rule (1917–1930), 102
Pottery, 4, 5, 8, 16
Poverty, 245, 267
Pre-colonialism
ancient cities, 14–17
Bronze Age, 4–6, 18
civil war legacy, 13–14
cultural arts, 22–23
ethnic groups, 9, 19–20
historical timeline
fifth to eighth century 
ce
, 9–11
fourth century 
bce
to fourth century 
ce
, 6–9
ninth to seventeenth century 
ce
, 11–13
Iron Age, 6, 18
irrigated agriculture, 3–6, 8, 16, 18–19
language, 9, 19–20
literature, 22–23
minerals, 18
poetry, 23
political leadership, 10, 11–13, 22
religion, 10, 11, 20–22
science, 22
trade routes, 14–17
Preventive Development Project, 377
Prices, 234
Prisons
Guantanamo, 359
GULAG, 134, 299
Russian colonization (1860–1917), 74
Stalinism (1929–1953), 133–34, 137
Privatization
agriculture, 235, 245
economic development (1991–present), 
234–37, 242, 245
Provisional Autonomous Government of 
the Ferghana Valley, 101
Provisional People’s Council, 97
Pshenichnikov, Vasilii, 34–35
Pulat Bek, 38
Pulat Khan, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 64, 71
Pulatov, Abdurakhman, 221
Q