Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Armenia

Belarus

Kyrgyzstan
and 
Tajikistan
– by categories of 
enormous and particularly serious crimes, committed for material gains (paragraph 3 of Article 55 of the 
Criminal Code of Armenia, paragraph 2 of Article 61 of the Criminal Code of Belarus, paragraph 4 of Article 
52 of the Criminal Code of Kyrgyzstan, paragraph 3 of Article 57 of the Criminal Code of Tajikistan), in 
Turkmenistan
, this list is added by medium-gravity crimes, committed for material gains (paragraph 2 of 
Article 52 of the Criminal Code). 
Legislation of the corresponding countries can also stipulate for exceptions, when criminal confiscation as a 
sanction cannot be imposed on any assets or is limited in other ways by a scope of assets subject to 
confiscation. For example, in accordance with paragraph 3 of Article 55 of the Criminal Code of 
Armenia

scope of property subject to confiscation is determined by the court taking into account the extent of material 
harm caused by the offence, as well as scope of property acquired through criminal activity. The amount of 
confiscation may not exceed the amount of material damage caused by the offence or the amount of proceeds 
acquired through criminal activity. Paragraph 1 of Article 52 of the Criminal Code of 
Turkmenistan
allows 
uncompensated appropriation by the state related only to the property of a convicted person, which has been 
‘acquired through criminal activity’. In the Criminal Code of 
Kazakhstan,
such punishment as confiscation 
of the property is stipulated by many articles of the Criminal Code, however, paragraph 1 of Article 48 of 
the Criminal Code (Property Confiscation) describes removal and forfeiture to the state of the property only 
owned by a convicted person, acquired through criminal activity or with funds acquired through criminal 
activity, as well as instruments or assets of criminal offence.
Confiscation as a penalty can stipulate partial confiscation of assets of a person, who has convicted for 
committing crime, without specified grounds of application of such particular partial confiscation leaving 
decision making for this issue to the court. For example, such partial confiscation without clear criteria of 
application is possible under the legislation of 

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