Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


TABLE 2. Types of confiscation measures in the ACN countries



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TABLE 2. Types of confiscation measures in the ACN countries 
Types of confiscation 
ACN country 
Criminal confiscation as a sanction 
Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Ukraine 
Criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and 
proceeds (special confiscation) 
Azerbaijan, Armenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, 
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Romania, 
Serbia, Slovenia, Ukraine, Croatia, Montenegro, Estonia 
Extended criminal confiscation 
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Latvia (since 2017), Lithuania, 
Moldova, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, 
Estonia 
Civil forfeiture, conviction based 
Georgia, Ukraine 
Civil forfeiture, non-conviction based 
Albania
26
, Slovenia 
Administrative forfeiture 
Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan, Romania, Estonia 
Confiscation resulting from satisfaction of a civil claim under a criminal proceeding is possible under the 
legislation of Armenia, Kyrgyzstan, Serbia, Montenegro and Ukraine. Confiscation arising from plea 
bargaining under the criminal proceedings in given cases is possible under the legislation of Georgia, Serbia, 
Croatia, Montenegro, Estonia and Ukraine, and confiscation resulting from criminal trial 
in absentia
(conviction) is possible in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Georgia, Lithuania, Romania, Serbia, 
Slovenia, Montenegro, Estonia and Ukraine. 
As shown in the table above, the most popular types of confiscation in the ACN countries for today are 
criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (so called special confiscation), and 
extended criminal confiscation in essence certainly complements special confiscation. Criminal confiscation 
as a sanction has become obsolete and is maintained in few countries, post-Soviet Union countries usually, 
whilst the new type of confiscation such as civil forfeiture is not yet widely spread: only three countries 
announced stipulation of such instrument by the legislation, and it is only in Slovenia and Albania that civil 
forfeiture is not based on criminal trial 
in absentia
. However, in several countries similar procedures are 
stipulated by administrative forfeiture. Mentioned types of confiscation and conditions of its application in 
ACN member countries are described in more detail below. 

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