Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


About the thematic studies on criminal liability for corruption and law-enforcement in Eastern



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

About the thematic studies on criminal liability for corruption and law-enforcement in Eastern 
Europe and Central Asia 
The ACN Work Programme for 2016-2019 included a thematic cross-country study (review) on the criminal 
liability for corruption and effective law enforcement. Within the framework of previous Work Programme 
of the Network, topics for the thematic study were the liability of legal persons for corruption, foreign bribery 
and international co-operation in corruption cases. Other thematic studies will concern. The objectives of the 
studies are (1) to analyse the state of play in the relevant area in order to identify common problems and best 
practices (in particular, by using case studies from particular countries) and to develop regional 
recommendations; and (2) to identify capacity-building and training needs for the law enforcement 
authorities and the judiciary.
This report is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments 
employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries. 
This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation 
of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. 
© OECD 2018
 
 
Please cite this publication as: 
OECD (2018), Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern 
Europe and Central Asia 



 
TABLE OF CONTENTS 
I. FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................... 4
 
II. ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. 5
 
III. ABOUT THE THEMATIC STUDY ......................................................................................................... 6
 
IV. CONCEPT AND PURPOSES OF CONFISCATION .............................................................................. 7
 
V. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
 ......................................................................................................... 
10
 
A. UN Convention Against Corruption ........................................................................................................ 10
 
B. OECD Anti-Bribery Convention ............................................................................................................. 11
 
C. Ce Criminal Law Convention On Corruption .......................................................................................... 12
 
D. Convention On Laundering, Search, Seizure And Confiscation Of The Proceeds From Crime
And On The Financing Of Terrorism (Warsaw Convention) .................................................................. 12
 
E. EU Documents ......................................................................................................................................... 13
 
F. FATF ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
 
G. CE Parliamentary Assembly .................................................................................................................... 15
 
H. European Court Of Human Rights .......................................................................................................... 16
 
VI. OBJECTS OF CONFISCATION MEASURES ..................................................................................... 22 
A. Instrumentalities ...................................................................................................................................... 22
 
B. Proceeds (direct and indirect) derived from crime................................................................................... 25
 
C. Mixed proceeds ........................................................................................................................................ 29
 
D. Property of equivalent value .................................................................................................................... 30
 
E. Beneficial ownership ................................................................................................................................ 32
 
F. Third-party property ................................................................................................................................. 35
 
G. Property of legal persons ......................................................................................................................... 37
 
H. Third-party rights ..................................................................................................................................... 39
 
VII. CORRUPTION OFFENCES THAT TRIGGER CONFISCATION ..................................................... 42 
VIII. TYPOLOGY OF CONFISCATION MEASURES .............................................................................. 50
 
A. Criminal confiscation as a sanction ......................................................................................................... 51
 
B
. Criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (special confiscation)........................ 53
 
C. Extended criminal confiscation ............................................................................................................... 67
 
D. Civil forfeiture ......................................................................................................................................... 74
 
E. Administrative forfeiture .......................................................................................................................... 79
 
IX. EVIDENTIARY THRESHOLDS AND BURDEN OF PROOF, DEFENCES 
82
 
X. THE PRACTICE OF CONFISCATION MEASURES ENFORCEMENT IN THE REGION 
88

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