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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. FOREWORD ............................................................................................................................................... 4
II. ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................................. 5
III. ABOUT THE THEMATIC STUDY ......................................................................................................... 6
IV. CONCEPT AND PURPOSES OF CONFISCATION .............................................................................. 7
V. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS
.........................................................................................................
10
A. UN Convention Against Corruption ........................................................................................................ 10
B. OECD Anti-Bribery Convention ............................................................................................................. 11
C. Ce Criminal Law Convention On Corruption .......................................................................................... 12
D. Convention On Laundering, Search, Seizure And Confiscation Of The Proceeds From Crime
And On The Financing Of Terrorism (Warsaw Convention) .................................................................. 12
E. EU Documents ......................................................................................................................................... 13
F. FATF ........................................................................................................................................................ 15
G. CE Parliamentary Assembly .................................................................................................................... 15
H. European Court Of Human Rights .......................................................................................................... 16
VI. OBJECTS OF CONFISCATION MEASURES ..................................................................................... 22
A. Instrumentalities ...................................................................................................................................... 22
B. Proceeds (direct and indirect) derived from crime................................................................................... 25
C. Mixed proceeds ........................................................................................................................................ 29
D. Property of equivalent value .................................................................................................................... 30
E. Beneficial ownership ................................................................................................................................ 32
F. Third-party property ................................................................................................................................. 35
G. Property of legal persons ......................................................................................................................... 37
H. Third-party rights ..................................................................................................................................... 39
VII. CORRUPTION OFFENCES THAT TRIGGER CONFISCATION ..................................................... 42
VIII. TYPOLOGY OF CONFISCATION MEASURES .............................................................................. 50
A. Criminal confiscation as a sanction ......................................................................................................... 51
B
. Criminal confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime (special confiscation)........................ 53
C. Extended criminal confiscation ............................................................................................................... 67
D. Civil forfeiture ......................................................................................................................................... 74
E. Administrative forfeiture .......................................................................................................................... 79
IX. EVIDENTIARY THRESHOLDS AND BURDEN OF PROOF, DEFENCES
82
X. THE PRACTICE OF CONFISCATION MEASURES ENFORCEMENT IN THE REGION
88
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