Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia


Armenia  (paragraph 1 of Article 55 of the Criminal Code),  Belarus



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Armenia 
(paragraph 1 of Article 55 of the Criminal Code), 
Belarus 
(paragraph 1 of Article 61 of the Criminal Code), 
Kyrgyzstan
(part 3 of Article 52 of the Criminal 
Code) and 
Ukraine
(part 1 of Article 59 of the Criminal Code). In a similar way, in many of the mentioned 
countries, sanctions under corresponding articles stipulating possibility of confiscation as a punishment can 
be formulated as an option (with property confiscation or without one) relying on discretion of a judge in 
this case as well. This kind of approach is also reflected in the criminal codes of 
Armenia, Belarus, 
Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan 
and
 Ukraine
. For example, accepting bribe 
on an especially large scale entails a punishment in form of imprisonment for a term from seven to twelve 
years 
with confiscation of the property or without one
under paragraph 4 of Article 311 of the Criminal 
Code of Armenia. In our view, such approach in formulation of sanctions in a form of confiscation with 
provision of unlimited discretion of a judge is most probably a factor that can enables corruption, rather than 
something allowing effective punishment upon sentencing for committing corruption-related offences. 


53 
 
At last, legislation of those countries, where criminal confiscation remains as a sanction, in one form or 
another still contains list of the property of a convicted person, which cannot be confiscated from the person 
or convicted person’s dependents by a court sentence (Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Tajikistan, 
Turkmenistan, Ukraine). Mentioned list is formulated usually typically in all mentioned countries as an 
attachment to the Criminal or Criminal Procedure Code or in the legislation on the enforcement of sentences 
or court decisions. 
For example, in accordance with Annex to the Law of

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