Confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of corruption crimes in Eastern Europe and Central Asia



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OECD-Confiscation-of-Proceeds-of-Corruption-Crimes-ENG

Estonia,
the following objects are subject to 
confiscation by court: object used or intended for use upon committing an intentional offence; property or 
any other object, which appeared to be an explicit object of committing of intentional offence, or the property 
or object used upon preparation to crime. Article 83-1 of the Criminal Code further describes confiscation 
of the property acquired as a result of committed offence, both directly and indirectly, i.e. something acquired 
though such assets. At that, mentioned property is subject to confiscation in the event the offender owns it 
to the date of a judgment or court decision with respect thereof. Court can decline to confiscate in the event 
it would be ‘unreasonably burdensome’ or if the value of the assets is disproportionally small compared to 
the costs of confiscation
28
.
In accordance with the Criminal Code of Estonia, the instrumentalities of crime may be confiscated from a 
third person, if such person: (1) at least by negligence, assisted in the commission of or preparation to a 
28
See OECD/WGB (2008), Phase 2 report on Estonia, page 48, https://www.oecd.org/daf/anti-bribery/anti-
briberyconvention/40953976.pdf
.


55 
 
crime; (2) acquired objects or property fully or mostly at the expense of the offender as a gift or any other 
way at a price, which was substantially lower than standard market value; or (3) was aware that the objects 
or property were transferred with a purpose of evasion from confiscation. In turn, the assets that had been 
received as a result of committing of intentional offence could be confiscated from a third person under these 
only conditions: 1) they have been acquired fully or mostly at the expense of the offender as a gift or any 
other way at a price substantially lower than the standard market value, or 2) the third party was aware that 
assets had been transferred with a purpose of evasion from confiscation (Article 83, 83-1 of the Criminal 
Code of Estonia). 
In the Criminal Code of 

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