1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

1.Polysemantic and monosemantic words

Polysemy is the existence within one word of several connected meanings. These meanings appeared as a result of the development and change of its original meaning. Words are divided into two: polysemantic and monosemantic words. Polysemantic words are words which have more than two meanings. Monosemantic words have only one meaning.Ex. The word “man” has eleven meanings in modern English.

человек (адам), 2) адвокат (адвокат), 3) мужчина (еркек), 4) мужественный человек (3îð3ïàñ àäàì), 5) человечство (адамгершилик), 6) слуга (хызметкер), 7) рабочий (жумысшы), 8) муж (ери), 9) рядовые матросы (тенизшилер), 10) вассал (вассвл), 11) пешка пияда (шахматта).

The word “room” has 3 meanings:

1) комната (хана), 2) место (жай), 3) возможность (3îëàéëû3).

1. картина, рисунок (ñ67ðåò) 2. копия, портрет (нус3à)

3. представление (ì1ëèìàò) 4. живописная поза (ðå4, ñûìáàò)

5. картинка (ñóëû7 ñ67ðåò) picture 6. кино (кино)

7. киноматография (киноматография) 8. амер , дело, сущность (асас)

9. картина крови (3àí ñ67ðåòè)

Ex. She is the picture of her mother, to form a clear picture of smith, living pictures in the air.

Monosemantic words are mostly scientific terms: hydrogen, lasar, etc. Polysemy may be analised from two ways: diachronically and synchronically. If polysemy is analised diachronically it is understood as the development of the semantic structure of the word or we establish how the meaning of the word has changed whether it has got new meanings in the course of the development of the language. From the historical point of view one of the meanings of the word will be primary meaning; that is such a meaning of a word which was first registered. All other meanings are secondary meanings. The term secondary meaning shows that the meaning appeared in the language after the primary meaning was already established.

2. .Dead and living affixes

Affixation (progressive derivation) is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes There are different classifications of affixes in linguistic literature. Affixes may be divided into dead and living. Dead affixes are those which are no longer felt in Modern English as component parts of words. They can be singled out only by an etymological analysis. Ex. admit (from L ad+mittere); deed, seed, seed (-d) flight, bright (-t).

Living affixes are easily singled out from a word. Ex. freedom, childhood, marriage.

Living affixes are traditionally in their turn divided into productive and non- productive. Productive affixes are those which are characterized by their ability to make new words. Ex. -er (baker, lander-косм.корабль (космик кеме); -ist (leftist- левый (шеп т1ðåï) -ism, -ish (baldish) -ing, -ness, -ation, -er, -ry, -or, -ance, -ic are productive suffixes -re-, unnon-, anti- etc are productive prefixes.