1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

19-VARIANT

1.Polysemy

Polysemy is the existence within one word of several connected meanings. These meanings appeared as a result of the development and change of its original meaning. Words are divided into two: polysemantic and monosemantic words. Polysemantic words are words which have more than two meanings. Monosemantic words have only one meaning.Ex. The word “man” has eleven meanings in modern English.

человек (адам), 2) адвокат (адвокат), 3) мужчина (еркек), 4) мужественный человек (3îð3ïàñ àäàì), 5) человечство (адамгершилик), 6) слуга (хызметкер), 7) рабочий (жумысшы), 8) муж (ери), 9) рядовые матросы (тенизшилер), 10) вассал (вассвл), 11) пешка пияда (шахматта).

2.Context and its types.

The meaning which is not dependent on context is the major (or basic) meaning of the word and the meanings which are dependent on the context are minor meanings. By context we mean the minimal stretch of speech determining each individual meaning of the word. Ex. “to make” means “to produce smth”. This is its basic meaning but other meanings are minor meanings because they can be found only in a context.The meaning of a word may be determined either by its lexical or by its grammatical context. Ex. the verb “to take” in such lexical distributions as: take+tea (coffee, medicine) -its meaning is пить (ишиу); take+care -заботиться (2àìõîðëû3 åòè7); take+of - раздеваться (шешиниу) ; to take + tram, the metro, a bus- сесть на ......(трамвайга, автобуска отырыу); The meaning “больной” of the adjective “ill” is brought out only by a syntactical pattern in which “ill” is used as a predicative (ex.the man is ill) while the syntactical pattern in which the word “ill” is used as an attribute, brings out the meaning- плохой (жаман) вредний an ill man - плохой человек (жаман адам).

4.

To play back in kind degen joq eken

1.To pay back in kind------- tap sonday otkendegi qateleri menen ósh aliw, ózine qaytariw

2. Qandayda bir narseni islewge jaqsi shans bar waqtinda tezirek islep aliw

5

To die like a DOG------1. To die in a manner that is unpleasant and demeaning.2.If someone dies like a dog, they die in a painful and shameful way

To watch smb like a hawk----> to watch (someone or something) very carefully

To work like a horse---->To work with great intensity, energy, and persistence.

work like a dog

To work very hard

To follow like a dog

20-VARIANT