1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

17-VARIANT

1.Classification of Homonyms

Homonyms are classified into: 1) homonyms proper; 2) homophones; 3) homographs. Homonyms proper are words identical in pronunciation and spelling and different in meaning.

Ex. fast1-quickly, fast2 - to do smth. quickly, back1- назад (êåéèíãå), back2- спина (àð3à) spring1-

Homophones are words of the same sound form but of different spelling and meaning.

Ex. air- воздух (8à7à), him - hymn

heir - наследник (ìèéðàñ3îð) knight - night

piece - peace ) write - right

see - sea



Homographes are words which are different in sound and in meaning but identical in spelling. Ex. lead [li:d] lead [ led]

tear [tε1 ] tear [ti1]

wind [wind] wind [waind]

2.The origjn of affixes

But the affixes -able, -ment, -ation, -ism, -ist, re-, anti-, dis-, etc are of borrowed origin. They came the Greek, Latin and French languages. Many of the suffixes and prefixes of native origin were independent words. In the course of time they have lost their independence and turned into derivational affixes. Ex. -dom, -hood. / O. E. had-state / the adjective forming suffix “-ly” has developed from the noun “lic” (body, shape). The prefixes out-, under-, over etc also have developed out of independent words.

3.Dead and living affixes

Affixation (progressive derivation) is the formation of words by adding derivational affixes There are different classifications of affixes in linguistic literature. Affixes may be divided into dead and living. Dead affixes are those which are no longer felt in Modern English as component parts of words. They can be singled out only by an etymological analysis. Ex. admit (from L ad+mittere); deed, seed, seed (-d) flight, bright (-t).

Living affixes are easily singled out from a word. Ex. freedom, childhood, marriage.

Living affixes are traditionally in their turn divided into productive and non- productive. Productive affixes are those which are characterized by their ability to make new words. Ex. -er (baker, lander-косм.корабль (космик кеме); -ist (leftist- левый (шеп т1ðåï) -ism, -ish (baldish) -ing, -ness, -ation, -er, -ry, -or, -ance, -ic are productive suffixes -re-, unnon-, anti- etc are productive prefixes.

4.

Ins and outs------>all the exact details of a complicated situation, problem, system etc

1.Bul finansliq omirde juda kop nasazliqlar( plyus ham minusleri) bar edi.

5.

Homophones--->

Air heir, site sight, son sun

Homographs---->

bow(a device used with an arrow) bow( the polite gesture of bending at the waist), wind(to turn) wind(moving air)

Homonyms---->

plane plane, plump plump