1-variant 1The subject matters of Lexicology

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1. The maim source of synonyms

The main sourses of synonyms are: 1) borrowings: to ask - to question: (F) - to interrogate. (L) to begin (A, S) - to commence (F) -to initiate (L -rise (F) - ascend (L); 2) The formation of verb+ adverb (V+adv) combinations like “have a smoke”. to rest - to have a rest, to swim- to have a swim, to smoke - to have a smoke; 3)shortening: vacation - vac, doctor -doc, sister -sis; 4) conversion: laughter -laugh, 5) many set expressions consisting of a verb with a postpositive element form synonyms:ex. to choose - to pick out, to continue to go on, to return - to bring back. 6) euphemisms, i. e. words which are used instead of unpleasant words: ex: drunk-merry, lodger-paying guest, to die - to go away, commandment - command. 7) slang. i. e. emotionally coloured words which are the secondary names of objects.

2. Synonyms and their types

Synonyms are words belonging to the same part of speech different in morphemic composition and phonemic shap but identical or similar in meaning and interchangeable at least in some contexts. Ex. jump, hop, leap, spring, defend, protect, guard shield; absence, privation, lack, want; error, mistake; go, leave, depart. Complete synonyms do not exist. Bloomfield says each linguistic form has a constant and specific meaning.

Polysemantic words can be synonymous in all their meanings. Ex. The verb “look” is a synonym of see, watch, observe, in the meaning of “смотреть” but in another of its meaning it is synonymous with the verbs seem, appear (to look pale).

Each synonymic group contains one word the meaning of which has no additional connotational (it can be used in different styles). This word is called a synonymic dominant. Ex. In the group: change, alter, very, modify the word “change” is the synonymic dominant. 8

Synonyms may be divided into: 1) ideographic synonyms; 2) stylistic synonyms.

Synonyms which differ in their denotational meanings are called ideographic synonyms. If the difference lies in their stylistic difference the synonyms are said to be stylistic. Ex. Beautiful (usually about girls) and handsome (usually about men). These are ideographic synonyms but “to die- to pass away”, “to begin - to commence”, “to see - to behold”, “to end - to complete”, “horse - steed” are stylistic synonyms.

4.

Осень---- autumn (British English)

Осень----- fall( American English)

Пляж-----beach( british and American English)

Правительство-----government ( British English)

Правительство----- administration ( American English)

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Native words

Come, see, hand, ear,make, take, bleed,kiss,love

Borrowed words

Mill, street, chauffeur, enemy, car, they, garage, adore