Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

10. The Method of Opposition.
The method of opposition is a method by the help of which we analyse language units as to "markedness" and "non-markedness" of the former.
Opposition of language units are given below:
marked member: non-marked member:
boys - boy
boy - boy's
boys - boys'
do - is done
11. Method of modeling
By the method of modeling we learn and analyze the grammatical structures as to the models(which are abstractions from real structures) which makes the efforts of a learner less difficult than it is in analyzing the endless empiric language units, that is it minimizes them by patternizing the latter into abstract models so as to give them a complete list of their invariant forms which are generatable. This method can be used in the analysis of any grammeme(say parts of speech, phrases, sentences, etc). For instance: S+P is the most abstract model of a sentence ( with a subject and predicate structure) which can be made a bit more concrete by adding the symbol “O”(object): S+P+O, etc.
12.Statistical method
Statistical method is one that analyses language units, including grammemes, by way of calculations in order to find out the frequency of their usage, that is to find out, for instance, what frequency this or that grammeme has in language as to its use in different functional styles of l language, or elsewhere.


13.Method of comparative typological analysis based on typological categories
In studying languages typologically J.B.Buranov’s approach to languages on the basis of typological categories is of note. Buranov suggests comparative typological study of languages as to the following typological categories established by him:

1. 
   Typological category of diminutiveness
   
2. 
   Typological category of causativeness
   
3. 
   Typological category of singularity and plurality
   
4. 
   Typological category of temporality
   
5. 
   Typological category of possessivity
   
6. 
   Typological category of reflexivity
   
7. 
   Typological category of reciprosity
   
8. 
   Typological category of activeness and passiveness
   
9. 
   Typological category of transitivity/intransivity
   
10. 
    Typological category of futurity
    
11. 
    Typological category of priority
    
12. 
    Typological category of posteriority
    
13. 
    Typological category of aspectuality
    
14. 
    Typological category of gender
    
15. 
    Typological category of diminutiveness
    
16. 
    Typological category of mood
    
17. 
    Typological category of tense
    
18. 
    Typological category of person
    
19. 
    Typological category of voice
    
20. 
    Typological category of aspect, etc.
    

The of typological categories may be continued as follows:

1. 
   Typological category of hyperbole
   
2. 
   Typological category of caressing
   
3. 
   Typological category of respect and disrespect
   
4. 
   Typological category of animateness and inanimateness
   
5. 
   Typological category of comparativeness
   
6. 
   Typological category of locativity
   
7. 
   Typological category of order(time correlation)
   
8. 
   Typological category of deixis
   
9. 
   Typological category of taxis,
   

If we focus on the notion of typological category and its parameters , it is such a category which is universal by nature which means that such categories may be verbalized in languages either by lexical means, or morphological or even syntactic means( like the typological category of gender which may be actualized: a) lexically by nouns( man , woman, boy and girl, he, she ); b) morphologically (like the Russian учитeль – учiтedьнiцa, сeкрeтaрь – сeкрeтaрщa) and syntactically(like woman teacher, man teacher, etc.).