Zahiriddin muhammad bobur nomidagi andijon davlat universiteti ingliz tili grammatikasi kafedrasi

6. The transformational method
The transformational method is a method that helps linguist to analyse languages structures distinguishing what is kernel (initial) and what is derrivative (transformed).
So, the above two sentences may be well differentiated and identified as totally different structures:
1. John is eager to V ¦
John pleases X ¦--- John is eager to please (X)

2. It is easy ¦ It is easy (for X)

X pleases John ¦ to please John hence: John is easy
¦ to please
So, as is seen from the above described the transformational method analyses language structure in a system and not in isolation, which is the advantage of the former and is seen from the following model:




7. The Componential method.
The Componential method is a method by the help of which we analyze the semantic structures of language units by distinguishing s e m e s in the semantics of the former. For example: to work - seme of indefiniteness of the action as to the moment of speech
to have worked - seme of completeness of the action as to the moment of speech
8. The Contextual method.
The Contextual method is a method by the help of which one can analyze language units on the basis of a micro or macro context.
For example: We need hands.
In this sentence we have a polysemantic word "hand", which means “қўл (рукa), иш кучи (рaбочaя силa) and соaт стрeлкaси (стрeлки чaсов)”. If we want an exact translation of the word "hand", we must work with the context of it, which might be as follows:
1.We need hands, because my watch is out of order.
(соaт стрeлкaлaри)
2.We need hands, because we have to finish the work in time.
(иш кучи, қўл – рaбочaя силa, рукa)
By the help of the context of the word “hand” we were able to exactly translate it, without which we could have failed.
9. The Tagmemic method
The Tagmemic Method is a method like the IC. The founder of this model (method) is Pike K.L. (see his work "Tagmemes and Immediate Constituents": Language",vol,19, 1943,N2, p 65-82).
The model founded by Pike represents the structure of the sentence as a string (тизим) of tagmemes.
A Tagmeme is a bilaterial unit,"___" a functional slot with its class filler". This is symbolized as "slot"; class with the signs "-(+)" to indicate obligatory and optional tag-memes.
John saw Mary yesterday.
Cl:=+s:n+p:v+o:n+-T: adv (where: cl=clause, s-subject, p-predicate, o-oblect, t-ime, adv-adverbial, n=noun, v=verb, adv=adverb).
This model in fact is another variant of the I C model, differing from it (I C model) in two respects:1) the division of the sentence (clause) into constituents is not necessarily binary:2) all coustituents are given double labels:(functional as well as class names).