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16. The Deductive method
The deductive method is one that presupposes that analyses of grammemes and conclusions to them are made on the basis of logical analyses rather than of empiric materials which guarantee the authenticity of the postulates and summaries. Tha-t is a method of analysis based strictly on the inference of particular instances from a general law. Hence deductive reasoning involves drawing conclusions logically from other things that are already known.
Comparative typology is closely linked with the following philological sciences;
General linguistics
Special linguistics
Historical comparative linguistics
Comparative linguistics
Contrastive linguistics
Differential linguistics
Confrontative linguistics
Contact linguistics
Characterological linguistics
Typological linguistics
Theory and practice of transltion
Grammar
Phonetics
Stylistics
Textology(textics)
Lexicology
Lexicography
Phraseology
Phraseography
Pragmatic linguistics
Cognitive linguistics
Linguoculturology
Sociolinguistics, etc.
Psycholinguistics
Biolinguistics(neurolinguistics
Computational linguistics
Methods of teaching languages, etc.
So comparative typology cooperates with all of these branches of linguistics in accordance with purposes and tasks of this or that investigation needed in both theoretical and applied linguistics, including interfacial sciences. But amongst them the comparative linguistics stands a part, because it is considered to be the theoretical fundamentals of any comparative investigations, including comparative typology as well.
As we see, our course "Comparative typology" is aimed at comparing English and Uzbek or Russian with purpose of:
working out methodical recommendations for teaching English at Uzbek or Russian schools;
working out methodical recommendations for translation process;
verifying language constants (universals, frequentals, implications)
revealing the new features of the compared languages, if possible, that may not be revealed in monolingual studies,
revealing the unique features of the compared languages.
elaborating the language theory in general.
All this is usually carried out by taking into account the typological features of the languages subjected to comparison, that is to say that English is an analytical language type, Uzbek – agglutinative and Russian – flective, which should always be kept mind while arriving at certain conclusions of comparative typological character. So notions of a type of a language and a type in a language are of principle importance, here “a type of language” means to what existing morphological( analytical, agglutinative, flective, amorph (or isolating) incorporative language types) or syntactical (SVO, SOV, OVS, VOS, VSO and OSV) types the compared ones belong.
And the notion of “a type in language” means type of language units attached to the mentioned hierarchical levels such as phonological, morphological, lexical, syntactical, ahraseological and textological levels with their specific units of the type: phoneme, morpheme, lexeme, syntaxeme, phraseoeme and texteme(or textologeme).
When speaking of dominating or determinating features of languages, we can resort to such differentiating morphological features in languages as the ones with leftbranching, rightbranching, middlebranching in the word structure, prepositional/postpositional languages, prefixal, and suffixal languages, incorporative, amorph or isolating, agglutunative, or class language types .or we can resort to such differentiating syntactical features in languages as SVO, SOV, VSO, OVS, VOS, OSV), , nominative, ergative, posessive, etc.
Comparative typology has close links with translation, the latter always being in endless need of comparative typological data of the languages subjected to such analysis of the existing levels of language hierarchy beginning with phonological level and ending with textological one. Such serious analysis is also aimed at providing lexicography with valuable data for lexicographical research, moreover it can (and even should) offer its data aimed at working out effective methods and methodologies for quality teaching of hierarchical systems and subsystems of foreign language like English at national educational institutions of all kinds.
And comparative typology of languages is very useful in verifying, revealing and establishing such linguistic constants in languages as linguistic universals(absolute, frequent (or dominant), implicative ones), recessives and unicals.
QUESTIONS ON THE TOPIC:
What is comparative typology?
What does comparative typology study?
Why do you study comparative typology? What for?
What does comparative historical linguistics study?
What does areal linguistics study?
What does contrastive linguistics study?
What does confrontative linguistics study?
What does contact linguistics study?
What does differential linguistics study?
What does characterological linguistics study?
What does typological linguistics study?
What does comparative linguistics study?
What is comparativistics?
What do the mentioned branches of linguistics benefit from comparative typology?
What unites them all?
What main purposes are pursued in studying comparative typology?
What are the main principles of Comparative typological analysis?
What are the main methods of Comparative typological analysis?
Why do researchers observe the principles of comparative typological analysis?
What methods of comparative typological analysis do you know?
What method is the main one in comparative typological analysis?
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