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The course of the lecture:
As is known, grammar of any language has two main parts:
1) morphology
2) syntax
What is morphology? What does it study in the compared languages?
Morphology is an inseparable part of grammar, which studies the morphemic structure of words of a certain language by classifying them into word classes known as parts of speech. Morphology, also sometimes called morphemics, is divided into inflectional morphology, the study of flections, and lexical or derivational morphology, the study of word formation. The main notion of morphology is morpheme which is a meaningful language unit or minimal distinctive unit of grammar commonly classified functionally into the following types:
1)free – which can be used alone as a word and then called word morpheme in: cat, rat, hat, bat, room, tent, pen, pot, slow, quick, etc.
2) bound - which can’t be used alone as in:“– ly” as in “slowly, quickly”, “-ful” as in “joyful”, “playful”, -less as in homeless, hopeless, etc.
Bound morphemes are purely affixational ones in the languages and may be of 3 types: prefixal( un+happy); 2) infixal (speed+o+meter) lexic+o+grammatical); 3) postfixal (joy+ful).
3) fused – which is one of the two fused morphemes through one “l” in pronunciation as in:“ ful-ly” as in “beautшful-ly”, hope-fully, мустaқiл-лiк., мeтaл-лiчeскiй, etc.
4) zero- which is absent as in “teacher” - (singular) as opposed to teacher-s (plural) or father- ( common case with no flection) as opposed to “ father’s ( possessive case flection).
Morphemes may structurally be classified into:
root morpheme (called otherwise lexical morphemes)
affixal morpheme, represented by:
prefixal (un – happy, be-оzор(of persian origin), нe –поgоda)
infixal (phon-o-stylistics, zvezd-о-чeт, кaйф-у-сaфо( of persian origin)
preinfixal (контр-a-baнda, пост-модeрнист-ко-рeaлистичeскоe, соғ-у-сaломaт-лик, ғaйрaт-у-шижоaт)
prepostfixal (“de-moral-ize, de-mobil-ize, deciph-er, re-conceptu-alize, нaд-смотр-щик, пeрe-оформи-тeль, aнти-рaдaр-ноe)
inpostfixal (lexic-o-styl-ist, кaнaт-о-ход-eц, сeвeр-о-зaпaд-ный aйш-у-ишрaт-чи( blend of Persian and Uzbek morphemes)
preinpostfixal(re-de-mobil-ize, re-de-mobil-ize-r, re-de-cipher-er, etc.
We highly appreciate the opinion expressed by L.S.Barkhudarov who concluded that “if one part of the word is acknowledged as a morpheme, the remaining part of it should also be considered to be a morpheme”1.
Morphemes are used in speech, hence they become morphs when realized in speech as discrete items. Different morphemic variants, for instance, morphemes of plurality such as : -s (as in books), -en (as in children), -a ( as in data), -ee-(as in teeth) , - i-,(as in mice) -e-(as in men), -oi,(as in cacti) , etc. are called allomorphs of plurality, that is, morphs of plurality different in form, but the same in meaning and function. Allomorphemes may be alloaffixal (-s, -en,-a, -ae, -i, etc.) and allolexical (speak-er, utter-er, қўшиқ-чи –aшулa-чи synonymous))and allomorphs (alloaffixal and allolexical) Our observations on the morphemic structure of the words in the languages compared show hat they demonstrate (exhibit) absolute similarities (isomorphic) features of the types of morphemes (structural: root (lexical) and affixal (prefixal, infixal and postfixal (suffixal), and their mixed types (preinfixal, prepostfixal, inpostfixal , preinpostfixal) and functional: free, bound , fused and zero). The dissimilarities (allomorphic features) are observed in the subtypes of the mixed types of morphemes, mainly in the fact that Uzbek never has prefixal and infixal morphemes in its word structure, whereas English and Russian has all the thetypes subtypes of the morphemes illustrated above. These typologically relevant features are the determinating features of the language types the compared languages represent here, English representing a predominatingly analytical language type, Russian - flective and Uzbek – agglutinative .
Now let's make clear what a part of speech is in languages?
A part of speech is a class of words or in the simplest form even one word characterized by one and the same:
1) grammatical meaning (semantics)
2) form
3) function
4) grammatical category (or categories)
Hence, we have to make the above notions clear too.
So, what is a (lexico-) grammatical meaning (semantics)?
It is a typical meaning or semantics common to all members of the same word class or parts of speech.
For example, any noun has its lexico-grammatical meaning of "thingness" or “substance”.
So, what is a form?
It is a grammatical form based on the opposition of at least two forms(singularity and plurality of nouns, of some voice or tense or mood forms of, say, the verb) within realization of one and same grammatical meaning.
So, what is a function?
It is a concrete realization of a lexico-grammatical meaning of a part of speech in a phraseme or a sentenceme.
For example, the functions of the noun:
1) subject - The book is good
2) predicative - My book is a novel
3) object - I read books
4) attribute - I have a pen friend, etc
In the previous lecture we tried to give a sort of general survey of parts of speech in ME,MU and MR.
In Modern English, Uzbek and Russian we have the following parts of speech as given in the matrix:
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English
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Uzbek
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Russian
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Nouns
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Pronouns
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Verbs
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Adjectives
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Adverbs
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Numerals
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Modal Words
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Interjections
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Words of category of state (statives)
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