Xozirgi zamon tilshunosligida sintaksis masalasi va uning stilistik jihatlari

If+subject+Past Simple(were)+should(would, could, might)+V
If he were you, he would help us.
Ish-harakatning yuz berish ehtimoli juda kam bo’lganda, ergash gapda should+V yoki were+to+V ishlatiladi:
If I should see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. (Agar uni ertaga ko’rib qolsam, undan bu haqda so’rardim. )
If I were to see him tomorrow, I should ask him about it. (Agar ertaga men uni ko’radigan bo’lsam edi, men undan bu haqda so’ragan bo’lar edi.)
Agar shunday gapda ba’zan would+V ishlatilsa, iltimosni ifodalaydi:
We should be greatful if you will send us the contract.
O’tgan zamon noreal shart gaplarning tuzilishi esa quyidagicha bo’ladi:
If+subject+had+P.P.+should(would, could, might)+have+P.P.
If I had seen him yesterday, I should have asked him about it.
Ba’zan shart ergash gaplardagi ish-harakatlar o’tgan zamonga taalluqli bo’lib, natijasi hozirgi zamonga taalluqli bo’lishi mumkin.
If+subject+Past Perfect+should(would, could, might)+V
If you had worked harder last year, you would know English well now.
Yoki shart ergash gapdagi ish-harakat hozirgi zamonda, bosh gapdagi ish-harakat esa o’tgan zamonda bo’lishi mumkin:
If+subject+Past Simple+should(would, could, might)+have+P.P.
If she knew English well, she would have translated the article without difficulty yesterday.
Ba’zan esa noreal shart gaplarda bosh gap yoki ergash gap bo’lmaydi, ular faqat taxmin qilinadi:
If I had known it before! (Bu yerda shartdan kelib chiqadigan natijani taxmin qilish mumkin: I should help him)
Why didn’t you tell me about it? I should have helped you. (Bu yerda shartni taxmin qilish mumkin: If you had told me about it.)
Real va noreal shart gaplarda ba’zan if bog’lovchisi tushib qoladi. Real shart gaplarning kesimi should+V bilan ifodalangan bo’lib, if tushib qolsa, should gapning boshida keladi:
Should he come, ask him to wait. (If he should come, ask him to wait )
Agar hozirgi zamondagi noreal shart gaolarning kesimi tarkibida had, were, could, should fe’llari bo’lsa, if bog’lovchisi tushib qolsa, yuqoridagi fe’llar gapning boshida keladi:
Had I time, I should go to the club. (If I had time, I should go to the club)
Had he known it, he would not have gone there. (If he had known it, he would not have gone there)
Qo’shma gap tarkibida bir nechta ergash gaplar bo’lishi mumkin:
As it was raining, we couldn’t show our friends, who had arrived from London, what we had planted in our garden. (bunda uchta gap bo’lagi – sabab holi, aniqlovchi va to’ldiruvchi argash gap bilan ifodalangan)
Bir odamning gapini boshqa birovga o’zgartirmasdan yetkazish ko’chirma gap (Direct Speech) deyiladi.
He said: “The ship will arrive at the end of the week”
Bir odamning gapini to’ldiruvchi ergash gap yordamida faqat mazmunini yetkazish esa o’zlashtirma gap (Indirect Speech) deyiladi.
He has said that the ship will arrive at the end of the week.
Ko’chirma gap o’zlashtirma gapga aylantirilayotganda vergul va qo’shtirnoqlar tushirib qoldiriladi, zamonlar moslashadi, olmoshlar, payt va o’rin ravishlari o’zgaradi:
He said, “I can’t translate this article” – He said that he couldn’t translate that article.
He said: “I was there yesterday” – He said that he had been there the day before.
Yuqoridagi fikrlar ingliz tili sintaksisi va uning uslubiy jihatlari haqida edi. Endi, o’zbek tilshunosligida sintaksis masalasi va uning stilistikasiga to’xtalib o’tsak.
“Sintaksis… so’zlarning va gaplarning o’zaro aloqasini, so’z birikmalari va gaplarni tashkil etgan bo’laklarning xususiyatlarini o’rganadi.” (“O’zbek tili grammatikasi”, 2-tom. T.: Fan, 1976. – 3b)
Sintaktik aloqa deganda tor ma’noda ikki so’zning o’zaro bog’lanishi tushuniladi. Keng ma’noda u gapda so’zlar va so’z birikmalarining o’zaro bog’lanishini bildiradi. Sintaktik aloqaga kirishgan so’zlar orasidagi eng muhim munosabatlar quyidagilar:
1) predikativ munosabat – ega va kesim sintaktik aloqaga kirishadi (osmon yig’laydi, yer kuladi.)
2) obyektli munosabat – to’ldiruvchi va to’ldirilmish sintaktik aloqaga kirishadi (odamlardan so’ramoq, qadrini bilmoq)
3) relyativ munosabat – hol va hollanmish sintaktik aloqaga kirishadi (osmondan sado, cho’qillarga yuksaldi)
4) atributiv munosabat – aniqlovchi va aniqlanmish munosabati (sening orzuing, beg’ubor tuyg’u)
O’zbek tilida gap bo’laklarining tartibi deyarli erkin, lekin unda bo’laklarning bog’liq tartibi ham uchraydi. Gap bo’laklari tartibi ikki xil bo’ladi: odatdagi tartib, o’zgartirilgan tartib.

Odatdagi gap tartibi

(SOV)

Payt holi	Ega(aniqlovchisi bilan)	To’ldiruvchi	Vaziyat holi	Kesim
O’sha kuni	men	akamga	to’yib	qarab oldim.

Gap bo’laklari tartibi sintaktik va uslubiy vazifa bajaradi. Tartibning Grammatik holat va gap mazmuniga ta’sirini quyidagi misollarda ko’rishimiz mumkin: