Xozirgi zamon tilshunosligida sintaksis masalasi va uning stilistik jihatlari

Ergashish munosabati:
Bog’lovchili: He had always known what I did not know and what, when I learned it, I was always able to forget. (Hemingwey)
Bog’lovchisiz: He was beautiful, the old man remembered. (Hemingwey)
4. Sodda gapning qurilish materiali so’z va so’z birikmalari bo’lsa, va qo’shma gaplar gapga teng birliklar asosida hosil qilinadi:
Sodda gap: A group men were standing guarded by carabinieri. (Hemingwey)
Qo’shma gap: I tried to make out whether they were members of the family or what; but they were all uniformly classical. (Hemingwey)
Qo’shma gaplarning shakllanishida qo’shma gap komponentlarini biriktiruvchi vositalar muhim o’rin tutadi. Bu vositalar teng bog’lovchilar yoki teng bog’lovchi vazifasidagi vositalar hamda ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchilar yoki ergashtiruvchi bog’lovchi vazifasidagi vositalardan iborat bo’lib, ularning qo’shma gap komponentlarining bog’lashdagi ishtirkiga asosan “Teng bog’langan qo’shma gap” (Compound sentence) va “Ergash gapli qo’shma gap” (Complex sentence)ga bo’linadi.
Bog’langan qo’shma gap (the Compound Sentence) teng huquqli, bir-biriga tobe bo’lmagan sodda gaplardan iborat bo’ladi. Qo’shma gap tarkibidagi sodda gaplar bog’lovchilar (and, but) yordamida bog’lanadi va ular, odatda, vergul bilan ajratiladi.:
The signal was given, and the streamer moved slowly from the dock.
Qo’shma gaplarda sodda gaplar bog’lovchilarsiz bog’langanda, ular nuqtali vergul bilan ajratiladi:
The signal was given; the streamer moved slowly from the dock.
Ergashgan qo’shma gap (the Complex Sentence) teng bo’lmagan, bir gap ikkinchisiga tobe bo’lgan gaplardan iborat bo’ladi. Ergashgan qo’shma gapda ergash gap (the Subordinate Clause) bosh gapni (the Principle Clause) izohlab keladi. Ergash gap bosh gap bilan bog’lovchilar va bog’lovchi so’zlar yordamida yoki ohang yordamida bog’lanadi:
He thought (bosh gap) that the train arrived 6 pm. (ergash gap)
After the rain had stopped (ergash gap), we went for awalk. (bosh gap)
Ergash gaplar qo’shma gapda bitta gap bo’lagi vazifasini bajarib keladi. Tilda nechta gap bo’lagi bo’lsa, shuncha ergash gaplar ham bor. Ular quyidagilar:

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  Ega ergash gaplar;
  
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  Kesim ergash gaplar;
  
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  To’ldiruvchi ergash gaplar;
  
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  Aniqlovchi ergash gaplar;
  
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  Hol ergash gaplar.
  

Ega ergash gaplar (Subject Clauses) qo’shma gapda ega vazifasida keladi. Ular bosh gaplar bilan who, whom, what, that, whether, if, whose, which, when, where, how, why kabi bog’lovchi va bog’lovchi so’zlar orqali bog’lanadi va ular hech qachon bosh gapdan vergul bilan ajratilmaydi:
When we shall start is uncertain. (Qachon boshlashimiz noaniq)
Eda ergash gaplar ko’pincha kesimdan keyin ham keladi; bunda kesimdan oldin it olmoshi qo’yiladi:
It is uncertain when we shall start.
Kesim ergash gaplar (Predicative Clauses) qo’shma gapda kesim vazifasida keladi. Ular bosh gap bilan ega ergash gaplarda ishlatiladigan bog’lovchilar va bog’lovchi so’zlar yordamida bog’lanadi va ular bosh gapda vergul bilan ajratilmaydi:
The trouble is that I have lost his address.
To’ldiruvchi ergash gaplar (Object Clauses) qo’shma gapda vositasiz yoki predlogli vositali to’ldiruvchi vazifasida keladi. To’ldiruvchi ergash gaplar bosh gap bilan ega va kesim ergash gaplarni bosh gapga bog’lashda ishlatiladigan bog’lovchilar va bog’lovchi so’zlar yordamida bog’lanadi va ular bosh gapda vergul bilan ajratilmaydi:
He told us that he felt ill.
Bog’lovchi ishlatilmasligi ham mumkin:
He told us he felt ill.
Aniqlovchi ergash gaplar (Attributive Clauses) qo’shma gapda aniqlovchi vazifasida keladi va bosh gapga who, whom, whose, which, that olmoshlari va when, where, why ravishlari yordamida bog’lanadi va qaysi otni aniqlayotgan bo’lsa, bevosita o’sha otdan keyin keladi: