Xozirgi zamon tilshunosligida sintaksis masalasi va uning stilistik jihatlari

The man who was here yesterday is a painter.
I know the man whom you mean.
Aniqlovchi ergash gaplar uch xil bo’ladi:
1) ajratuvchi aniqlovchi ergash gaplar shaxs yoki buyumning shu shaxs yoki buyumning yakka o’ziga xos alohida xususiyatlarini ifodalaydi va ularni shu turdagi hamma shaxs yoki buyumlardan ajratadi:
The children who live in that house are my brother’s friends.
2) tasniflovchi aniqlovchi ergash gaplar shaxs yoki narsani belgi va xususiyatiga qarab, shunday shaxs yoki narsaning biror turiga kiritadi:
Children who live by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age.
3) tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi ergash gaplar shaxs yoki narsani tasvirlaydi, ular haqida qo’shimcha ma’lumot beradi:
In the street I met some children, who show me the way to the station.
Ajratuvchi va tasniflovchi ergash gaplarni tushurib qoldirsak mazmun buziladi. Agar The children who live in that house are my brother’s friends gapidagi who live in that house ajratuvchi aniqlovchi ergash gapni tushurib qoldirsak, qaysi bolalar haqida gap ketayotganligi noma’lum bo’li qoladi. Children who live by the sea usually begin to swim at an early age gapidagi who live by the sea tasniflovchi aniqlovchi ergash gapni olib tashlasak, gapning ma’nosi yo’qoladi. Yuqoridagi gaplarda ergash gaplar vergul bilan ajratilmaydi. Ajratuvchi va tasniflovchi ergash gaplarda who, which olmoshlari ko’pincha that olmoshi bilan almashtiriladi yoki butunlash tushurib yuboriladi:
The man that (whom) you are speaking about is in the next room.
The man you are speaking about is in the next room.
Tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi ergash gaplarni gapning ma’nosiga ta’sir qilmasdan olib tashlash mumkin. In the street I met some children, who show me the way to the station. Gapidan who show me the way to the station ergash gapini olib tashlasak ham, bosh gapda tugallangan mazmun saqlanib qolaveradi, chunki bu yerda ergash gap faqatgina qo’shimcha ma’lumot berish uchun xizmat qilyapti. Tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi ergash gaplar, odatda, bosh gapdan vergul bilan ajratiladi. Tasvirlovchi aniqlovchi ergash gaplarda nisbiy olmoshlarni tushurib qoldirish mumkin emas.
Hol ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clause) qo’shma gapda turl hollarning vazifasini bajaradi. Hol ergash gaplar qo’shma gapning boshida kelganda bosh gapdan vergul bilan ajratiladi. Hol ergash gaplarning quyidagi turlari bor:

• 
  Payt ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  O’rin ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  Sabab ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  Natija ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  Ravish ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  Qiyoslash ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  To’siqsiz ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  Maqsad ergash gaplar;
  
• 
  Shart ergash gaplar.
  

Ularning har biriga birma-bir qisqacha to’xtalib o’tamiz.
1. Payt ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clauses of Time) bosh gapga when, whenever, while, as, after, before, till, until, as soon as, as long as, since, by the time (that), directly va boshqa bog’lovchilar yordamida bog’lanadi:
As I was going down the road, I met your sister.
We haven’t had any news from him since he left Tahskent.
Payt ergash gaplarda kelasi zamon ishlatilmaydi. Kelasi zamon shakllari (Simple Future, Future Perfect, Future Continuous)ning o’rniga hozirgi zamon shakllari (Simple Present, Present Perfect, Present Continuous) qo’llaniladi:
As soon as we receive telegram, we shall inform you about it.
While you are having dinner, I shall be reading the newspaper.
I shall stay at the custom-house until the goods have been examined.
2. O’rin ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clauses of Place) bosh gap bilan where, wherever so’zlari yordamida:
Wherever he went, he was welcome.
He went where the doctor sent him.
3. Sabab ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clause of Cause) bosh gapga because, as, since, for, no, that bog’lovchilari yordamida bog’lanadi:
Since you have finished your work, you may go home.
Now that he is here, he can help you.
4. Ravish ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clauses of Manner) bosh gapga as, as if (as though), that bog’lovchilari yordamida bog’lanadi:
You ought to write as he does.
He played so well that everybody admired him.
As if (as though) bilan bog’langan ergash gap noreallikka yaqin:
He spoke as if he were genius.
Bosh gapdagi ish-harakat qaysi zamonda bo’lishidan qat’iy nazar, ergash gapdagi ish-harakar bosh gapdagidan oldin sodir bo’lgan bo’lsa, ergash gapda Past Perfect ishlatiladi:
I remember the story as if I had just read it.
He described the town as if he had seen it himself.
Agar ergash gap that bog’lovchisi bilan bog’langan bo’lsa, bosh gapda so yoki such ishlatiladi:
The plane was flying at such a height(so high) that we couldn’t see it.
5. Qiyoslash ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clauses of Comparison) bosh gapga than, as…as, not so…as, the …the yordamida bog’lanadi:
He ia older than he looks.
The…the ashlatilganda birinchi the dan keyin (ergash gapda) kelasi zamon o’rnida hozirgi zamon ishlatiladi:
The more time you spend in the Crimea, the sooner you will recover.
6. Natija ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clauses of Result) bosh gapning mazmunidan kelib chiqadigan natijani bildiradi va bosh gapga so that bog’lovchisi yordamida bog’lanadi. Og’zaki nutqda ko’pincha so ishlatiladi.
She sat behind me so that I could not see her face.
7. Maqsad ergash gaplar (Adverbial Modifier of Purpose) bosh gapdagi ish-harakat qanday maqsadda sodir bo’lishini bildiradi va unga so that, so, in order that bog’lovchilari yordamida bog’lanadi. So that, so bilan kelgan gaplarda kesim may(might) +V va should+V shaklida bo’ladi. Ergash gapning kesimi ish-harakatning bajarilish imkoniyati borligini ifodalaganda may, yo’qligini ifodalaganda should ishlatiladi.
I gave him the book so that he might learn his lesson.
I’ll ring him at once so that he shouldn’t wait for me.
8. To’siqsiz ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clause of Concession) bosh gapdagi ish-harakat ergash gapdagi sharoitga qaramasdan sodir bo’lishini bildiradi va ular bosh gapga though (although), in spite of the fact that bog’lovchilari bilan bog’lanadi.
He went out though he had a bad cold.
Lest bog’lovchisi that …not (-maslik uchun) ma’nosida ishlatiladi va undan keyin should+V keladi.
We wrapped the instrument in oilcloth lest they should be damaged by sea water.
9. Shart ergash gaplar (Adverbial Clauses of Condition) bosh gapdagi fe’l ifodalagan ish-harakatning yuzaga kelish-kelmasligi uchun zarur bo’ladigan shartlarni ifodalaydi va bosh gap bilan if, unless, provided(that), providing(that), on condition (that), supposing (that), suppose (that) kabi bog’lovchilar bilan bog’lanadi.
He won’t go there unless he is invited.
We can deliver the machine in December provided that we receive your order within the next ten days.
Shart ergash gaplar real shart gaplar va noreal shart gaplarga bo’linadi.
Real shart gaplar agar gapirilayotgan sharoitda amalga oshishi mumkin bo’lgan, real taxminni ifodalaydi. Real shart gaplarning bosh gapida oddiy kelasi zamon, ergash gapida esa, oddiy hozirgi zamon ishlatiladi:
If the weather is fine tomorrow, we shall go to the country.
Real shart ergash gaplarda oddiy hozirgi zamon o’rniga should+V ishlatilishi mumkin. Bu sharoit yuzaga kelishining ehtimolligi juda kamligini ifodalaydi:
If he should come, I shall ask him to wait.
Real shart ergash gaplarda will+V kelganda, bu iltimosni ifodalaydi:
We shall be greatful if you will send us the contract.
Bosh gapdagi fe’l buyruq maylida ham bo’lishi mumkin:
If you see him, ask him tio ring me up. (Agar uni ko’rsangiz, menga qo’g’iroq qilishini ayting)
If she should come, show her the letter. (Agar u kelib qolsa, xatni unga ko’rsating.)
Real shart gaplarda taxmin ham ifodalanishi mumkin:
If she is here, she is probably working in the library. (Agar u shu yerda bo’lsa, ehtimol u kutubxonada ishlayotgandir)
If he called on them yesterday, they gave him your letter. (Agar u kecha ularnikiga brogan bo’lsa, unga xatingizni berishgan.)
Noreal shart gapli ergashgan qo’shma gaplarda esa, amalgam oshishi dargumon ish-harakat ifodalanadi. Ingliz tilida hozirgi zamon noreal shart gaplar va o’tgan zamon noreal shart gaplar mavjud. Hozirgi zamon noreal shart gaplarning tuzilishi quyidagicha bo’ladi: