Translation of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms

2. Translation in the I-IX centuries.

In Central Asia translation has its own way of development. It is known that there were two great translation schools. One of them was Baghdad translation school, which was busy with translating, commentating and copying out of classes Greak scientists works in Arabian (the scientific center of Arabian Caliphate), the second one was Toledo translation school, in Spain, which was busy with translating Arabic scientific literature into Western European languages (about which we wrote in previous chapters). Both of them played Great role in the development of World science. The original works of scientists disappeared, but the representatives of these translation schools kept their translations. A lot of books of classes Greek scientists disappeared because of different historical changes, but they were kept in the Arabian patterns – translations and commentaries. Several valuable works of thinkers who created them in Arabic in Middle East and Central Asia have been reached us by the works of Toledo school translators’ translations in Latin, Greek and later in other Western European languages.

Translation played the role of incomparable golden bridge, connected and enriched the culture, which existed between West and East. In Baghdad at the end of the culture VIII and at the beginning of the IX centuries one can emphasize that a group of scientists , translators and rewriters appeared, majority of their representatives were the thinkers, erudite persons from Central Asia and Iran. As historical sources witness, in the XII-XIII centuries, nomadic Arabian tribes, who were the ancestors of the modern Arabs in Arab peninsula ,joined and established centralized powerful state. That’s why different nations contained in Arab caliphate contributed to the succession Arab Caliph Harun Al- Rashid and his son Al-Ma’mun played a key-role. They gathered different scientists in the IX century and created scientific center there. By the initiation of Al-Ma’mun “ Baytul- Hikma” ( the house of Sages) was founded in Baghdad which was very famous in the East. European scientists recognized this center in the XIX century. In this academy there were all conditions including scientific labs, conference hall, madrasah for students, observatory, workshop for reconstruction and binding of manuscripts, a large libriary containing about 400 books. Hundreds of scientists of the East worked in the Academy. Translators translated foreign books and manuscripts into Arabian. The scientists in Baytul-Hikma” were from Turkistan, especially Khorazm, Ferghana, Bukhara, Shash, Samarkand and Khurasan.

Firstly the Academy was headed by Yakhya ibn Abu Mansur. After his death(829 AD) by the order of Al –Ma’mun Mukhammad Al- Khorazmi was appointed. In this famous academy Akhmad Al –Farghani, Abbos ibn Javhar, Akhmad ibn Abdulla, Marvazi Sayid ibn Khalid, Yakhya ibn Abu Mansur, Abu Khamid as-Sagani, Yakhya ibn A’zam al- Khadi, Abul Vakha Bizjoni, Iskhak Ibodi, Abu Jafar Khurosoni and others taught astronomy, maths, geography, chemistry, medicine, history, philosophy,logics and literature.

The main activity of the academy was translation. The books and manuscripts in the library of the academy were translations from ancient Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew, Egyptian, Indian, Persian and etc.

The famous scientist M. Al-Khorazmi created his works in the Academy. His two works “Aljabr va Mukobala” and “ Indian counts” reached till our period. Others translated almost big portion of the books in the library. The main aim of these scientists was to translate the of Hippocrates and Ptolemy and to investigate the sun, the earth and etc.

In the scientific centers of Baghdad and other centers of Caliphate the works of Aristotle, Archimedes, Geron, Ptolemey were ranslated and commented in the VIII- IX centuries. Sobit ibn Kurra translated Archimede’s books into Arabic.