Translation of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms

Professor Newmark has made an important contribution to a more satisfactory understanding of the real nature of translation. P.Newmark acquainted with the literature on translation theory. P . Newmark’s major contribution is in a detailed treatment of semantic and communicative translating. He says semantic translation focuses primarily upon the semantic content of the source text and communicative translation focuses essentially upon the comprehension and response of reseptors. Newmark considers that this distinction becomes especially relevant for the wide diversity of text types.

If a text is considered to embody the core values of a more important language schools. Today there are many university-level translation schools. They form major divisions at Institutes of foreign languages in Moscow, Minsk, Ekaterenburg, Baku and Uzbekistan. These Institutes train translators and interpreters. The Institutes offer a choice European and Oriental languages.

Theory of translation is included into the curricula of translation schools at all levels. A university level degree in translation in practice includes an advanced degree in languages.

An international Economic Conference serviced with simultaneous interpreting was conducted in 1952 in Moscow, employing over 50 simultaneous interpreters, mostly new recruits to the profession, with 6 conference languages: Russian, English, French, German, Spanish and Chinese. Here, a relly system with the so-called “ lead language”, now quite extensively used in Russia and East European countries, was introduced for the first time.

Simultane our translation studies began after the invention of the multichannel tape recoder and were done at roughly the same time by several researchers at the end of the 60s and the beginning of the 70s. The results obtained by various methods and in on different equipment including some specially designed for the purpose-Chernov were amazingly similar.

The situational inference involves 8 clearly identifiable factors:

- the characteristics of the message, source or speaker obtained from a reply to the question “ who is speaking?”

- the theme of the message-“what is the talking about?”

- the relation of the act of speech to the event that provoked it-“in what connection is he speaking?”

- the message recipient or audience-“whom is he addressing?”

- the place of forum-“ where is he speaking?”

- the time-“when is he speaking?”

- the purpose of the communication-“what is he aiming at?

- and its motive “why is he speaking?”