Translation of homonyms, synonyms and antonyms

Hieronymus (Saint Jerome) (347-420) was a church father, translator, historian and polemicist. He translated not for word for word in his translations of Greek texts but sense for sense. Cicero was his teacher . he writes if he translates word for word he produces nonsense. He says “ If I have to change smth in the order of the words or their sound I could be accused of failing in duties as a translator. I have always translated the sense”. St. Jerome says that one word should be translated by one word, where even the order of the words is a mystery, where a construction that has not been refined with great art often carries more than one sentence. However, St.Jerome also admits that other texts should be translated in a different manner, so we didn’t always follow his own precepts.

In the pre-linguistics period of writing on translation, from Cicero through St.Jerome, Luther, Dryden, Tytler, Herder, Goethe, Buber, Schleiermacher, Ortega y Gasset, not to say Savory, there was an opinion between literary and free, faithful and beautiful, exact and natural translation.

In Mondzein monastery the Gospels were translated into german in the VIIIc. At the end of the VIII C. Latin-German glossary was created in Phallus monastery. The analysis of that dictionary shows that Anglo-Saxons and their followers often took part in its creation. In 830 “ The Gospel Harmony” of Tatyan was translated. Tatyan was Syrian and wrote a lot of books in Latin. Later on these works were translated from Latin into many other languages.

In the reign of Karl the Great (768-814) the first flourishing was observed or it was called “The Carolling Renaissance”. Many scientists from Italy, Spain, Ireland and England were invited at that time.Karl the Great opened monastery schools, organized special committee that checked the mistakes. Many poems, sacred works, chronicles were written. A scientific group existed by the royal court, was named “ The Academy of Karl the Great”. The translation was mentioned. Probably education of France was quite enough and there was no any necessity in translating. After Karl’s death his grandchildren separated the empire.