How do we approach these threshold sustainability questions then?
A sustainable research and design process would ask whether something should be done in the
first place –
before
analysing choices about how to do it. That is, before investing enormous public
resources in comparing alternative geo-sequestration pathways, we should ask ‘What is the best and
cheapest way to reduce or eliminate carbon emissions?’. A study that asks ‘How do we mitigate further
emissions?’ can justify more emissions. As mentioned above, if geo-sequestration offered a means
of pensioning off fossilized industries, it may have some transitional value. However, the effect will
be to extend the longevity of harmful activities. Meanwhile, rumours of oil shortages can be used
to manipulate prices and open up wilderness areas to exploit gas, oil or coal deposits. This roadmap
to geo-sequestration also exemplifies the problem of defining things as ‘best practice’. A pulp mill
recently conditionally approved in Tasmania has been justified as being world’s best practice. The
Federal Government based its support on its Chief Scientist’s investigation. In preparing his report,
however, the Chief Scientist was not allowed to consider issues in the jurisdiction of the Tasmania
State Government, such as air pollution. His brief was to determine the probable impacts of dioxins,
and other effects like noise, in the marine environment (which could not really be assessed in his
estimation). We will not know the effects on endangered species until they are measurable, when it
is too late to mitigate them. The proposed mill could threaten the viability of other ‘green’ industries
in the region, such as vineyards and fisheries, for which Tasmania was building a good reputation.
But wouldn’t roadmapping at least find the best pathway to sustainability?
Not necessarily from a whole systems perspective. For example, another study in Australia found
that geo-sequestration would eventually result in carbon sequestration at a much cheaper rate ‘per
ton of carbon sequestered’ than carbon trading.
9
A few years later, however, after millions were
committed to industrial geo-sequestration research, estimates put the cost of geo-sequestration much
higher than tree planting, to achieve the same sequestration levels. This disparity might have been
intuitively obvious from a systems perspective, but we often rely on data generated by those who are
not trained to think in whole systems. Research into the quickest route to geo-sequestration can
drain resources, and postpone the implementation of tried-and-true, positive eco-solutions. Fossil
fuel based technologies, in contrast, take years to get on line and further entrench the hydrocarbon
economy. Hi-tech solutions are unlikely to be as economical as ‘free’ natural systems that do not
produce CO
2
in the first place. Geo-sequestration can never be net positive as it cannot capture all
CO
2
emissions, let alone reverse the build up of CO
2
in the environment. So it will do little to mitigate
the impacts of climate change. Sustainability requires that we establish systems that reverse impacts
of existing systems, and expand the existing range of sustainable life choices and biodiversity – which
geo-sequestration cannot do.
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