‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Then what processes can support such systems re-design exercises?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Then what processes can support such systems re-design exercises?
There are a number of mapping devices that could assist brainstorming and design activities to 
diagnose and intervene in poorly designed human systems. They can be applied to varying levels of 
complexity, and include impact wheels and mind mapping processes. They derive from the initial 
‘futures wheel’ of the early 1970s.
11
Previously, these tools have focused on mapping negative impacts.
After all, we live in a man-made world that must now be further ‘managed’, and we still do not know 
what we are doing. Given our ecological ignorance, the low-risk option would be to increase natural 
security by ecological restoration and enhancement. We need a more positive mapping process to 
support this. By mapping positives instead of negatives, such maps could be used to find ways of 
facilitating ecological restoration and community revitalization. Impact maps have been used to 
support design charrettes, and could be reversed to support positive actions.
12
Impact maps could 
also be used to trace cause and effect relationships back to their initial origins. In the urban context, 
for example, there has been a movement to expose and restore urban streams that have been covered 
by concrete.
13
Mapping the improvements that would flow from this could serve as a kind of micro-
model for correcting the mistakes of past design. Mapping of landscape changes over time has also 
been used to guide rural landscaping interventions in restoring natural water flows and soil retention 
– to reverse the past impacts of ‘terraforming’, pipes, dams and other interventions. By creating a 
positive impact wheel, we can identify and amplify the positive impacts that could be achieved in, 
say, restoring more natural water flows.
So just how are ‘impact mapping’ exercises generally conducted?
In the typical ‘futures wheel’, the key activity, trend, issue or idea is written in the ‘hub’ on a whiteboard.
Their impacts are identified in a brainstorming session and lines are drawn to primary impacts. More 
lines or ‘spokes’ are then drawn from each of these primary impacts to their secondary impacts, and 
circles are drawn around those impacts. Then the process is repeated for tertiary impacts and so 
on. These sets of impacts create concentric circles around the hub. Of course, impacts are not really 


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Positive Development
primary or ‘tertiary’, as they are all cumulative and interconnected. Because impact wheels divide 
impacts up into separate factors, they can simplify things too much. The ‘mind map’ is a variation that 
attempts to express more complex relationships. In mind maps, the extent of the connections between 
impacts at different levels can be mapped by, for example, double and triple arrows. A variation on 
these mapping techniques divides impacts up into categories, such as cultural, psychological, economic 
and technological, between the spokes. There are even three-dimensional versions to supposedly 
enable a better understanding of historic forces, and current and future consequences. However, 
there is a tendency in workshops to make comprehensive lists of needs (noise) and impediments 
(earplugs). Wrapping up all issues in a ball, or ‘dung beetling’, does not always get participants 
past the initial problem description that brought them together in the first place [Chapter 6]. By 
analogy, comprehensive planners can tend to try to include every issue in policy plans, but seldom 
go beyond statements of comprehensive values to identify specific 
new
actions. After all, if we stick 
to comfortable old problem descriptions we will not find new solutions.

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