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Positive Development
What other futures tools might enable us to expand future options then?
‘Back-casting’ is a popular term in sustainability circles.
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It is almost the reverse of scenario planning.
Scenario planning compares given pathways, based on predicted risks, to see where we will end
up. Back-casting is like ‘least cost planning’ in that it starts with a defined goal or end-point, and
seeks the best way to get there [Figure 14]. The application of these target-oriented tools becomes
very complicated, however, if the target cannot be defined. An expansion of options, ecosystems
and environments in a constantly changing context is hard to model. Since nature has lost some of
its capacity to adjust to human activity due to ongoing market and government interventions, we
need planning processes for adapting and conforming society’s physical and social systems to the
constraints and opportunities presented by natural systems and/or carrying capacity. As noted earlier,
in an increasingly unpredictable climate, the safest strategy is to increase the range of responsible
social options, habitats and biodiversity – not to define a target and eliminate or abandon other
options. This can be achieved by systems that actively encourage low-risk eco-innovations to create
adaptable, diverse and reversible environments that increase the ecological base and public estate.
Sustainability is not just a target to think backwards from. Sustainability must be the foundational
element of the constitution for governance and decision-making itself. To achieve this, we can design
new planning, decision and management systems that enable people to envisage and design better
futures, not just survive.
Won’t people choose poor goals despite sustainable decision structures?
People can make poor choices, but we would have a better chance of good decisions if we invested
more in design, instead of putting all our energy into targets and indicators. It is generally held that
planners and decision-makers should not pre-empt or predetermine the basic goals and choices of
a participatory democracy. As argued above, however, our decision systems, due to their inherent
biases, already do exactly that. By choosing the best alternative amongst those that are currently
available, or already on the social radar (by whatever criteria), future options are limited by current
thinking and market-driven consumer preferences. In this context, the setting of targets can lock
in the future and foreclose options. For example, we saw how, in the name of urban consolidation,
many non-sustainable, compact suburbs are built that share the worse aspects of both sprawl and
consolidation [Chapter 3]. Likewise, society did not choose a fossil fuel path or demand excessively
wasteful systems of production and consumption. These complex systems evolved because structures
were not in place to prevent unchecked access and control of public resources by special interests over
time [Chapter 13]. Since then, there has been an ongoing, and generally zero sum, competition among
conflicting interests to make the fossil fuel system ‘work better’ for either special interests or the public
interest, depending on the swing of the political pendulum. The issue is not ‘public versus private’
control, of course, as both government agencies and corporations can and do abuse power. As we will
see, the issue is the lack of substantive and procedural due process in environmental policymaking,
planning and design that has shaped the range of trivial pursuits currently called market ‘choice’.
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