Are trading systems better than environmental regulations overall?
Markets in environmental goods or bads may have the same ultimate effect as regulations. However,
they enable more flexibility in meeting target reductions. The virtue is that reductions in negative
impacts can occur with minimum disruption to the economy as a whole. Trading protects the
system, but could slowly work to change it. As currently conceived, however, trading schemes cannot
achieve Positive Development. Like other environmental management systems, they are designed to
reduce future negative impacts, not past mistakes. In fact, trading systems could delay the necessary
transition from fossil to solar resources that is a prerequisite for social and biophysical sustainability.
With regard to global warming, for example, carbon trading systems still prioritize tradeoffs, or
compensation for ecological destruction. Offsets are a bit like ‘indulgences’ that the Catholic Church
dispensed for people who could afford to have their sins absolved. They do not ensure the most
important forms of action or mitigation are undertaken first. Offsets are better than nothing, but
they can postpone the transfer of public investment from
indirect
incentives to
direct
eco-solutions.
Credit systems should reward only actual reductions in the impacts of existing conditions. So we
should ask:
•
Could eco-service trading systems be modified to require a net increase in the
ecological base?
•
Could they encourage development decisions and designs that are reversible
and/or reverse past damage?
What were the origins of environmental trading systems?
The idea of trading in environmental goods (or bads) has been around for a long time. An early
precedent was ‘transferable development rights’ (TDRs), which have been used in urban planning
since the 1960s. This is where city planning regulations allow developers to exceed the allowable floor
area or height limits on another property as compensation where development rights were restricted
by a new regulation, such as the creation of a historic district. Alternatively, the property owners can
be permitted to sell the floor area elsewhere that they would have been entitled to develop ‘but for’
new planning regulations. This enables planners to reduce development rights in a particular area
in order to implement urban design policies, such as height limits, without undue repercussions.
Planning provisions can also allow developers to obtain permission to exceed the normal height limit
in certain locations if they provide publicly beneficial land uses, such as day-care facilities or public
plazas. Similarly, developers seeking approval to build new suburbs can be permitted to provide parks,
infrastructure or facilities to offset some of the public costs of roads, water and sewage services. Of
course, TDRs were not aimed at improving the ecological health of the urban environment. Ecological
sustainability was scarcely contemplated when concepts of trading development and/or environmental
rights were created. TDRs did, however, enable environmental amenity to be included in the urban
environment with less resistance than is often engendered by regulations.
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Eco-service Trading Schemes
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