‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Can the value of eco-services justify public or private ecological preservation?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can the value of eco-services justify public or private ecological preservation?
The challenge is justifying the cost of ecological restoration in a particular market system, as 
opposed to an ecologically rational economy. The ‘cost avoided’ by eco-services is one way to justify 
environmental preservation in the given context. New urban buildings and infrastructure could work 
to restore eco-services while eliminating the costs of mechanical equipment, such as heating and air-
conditioning. At the regional scale, the value of eco-services has been estimated by comparing the cost 
of preserving a watershed to that of avoiding the cost of alternative engineering structures. An often 
cited early example of valuing eco-services was New York City’s Catskill watershed. Development in 
the watershed had begun to contaminate the City’s water supplies, so it was necessary to either repair 
the watershed or build an expensive filtration plant. At the time, the new plant would have cost about 
$8 billion, with annual operating costs of about $300 million. In contrast, restoration of the watershed 
would cost under $2 billion and involve relatively little maintenance and operating costs. The city 
chose eco-restoration and catchment protection on financial grounds. A similar decision was made 
by the city of Melbourne in Australia. There are also examples of communities acting to protect and 
restore ecosystem services, without waiting for government or industry to do cost–benefit analyses.
They have recognized the intrinsic and ‘multiple-bottom-line’ values of nature.
Why and how would communities restore eco-services on their own?
Many people understand that the amenity provided by the surrounding natural environment is 
essential to the quality of life, not just property values. Improvements to individual homes and 
landscapes mean little if the wider environment is deteriorating. Gated communities are no protection 
in an environment under siege by drought, storms, disease and floods. This realization has driven 
communities not only to take on obstructionist industries and bureaucracies, but even to reverse 


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Eco-service Trading Schemes
past and proposed resource-intensive infrastructure projects. In Napa, California, as described by 
Geoffrey Heal, some resident groups sought for years to restore the natural flow of the river that 
once glided through the region and town centre. As with the case of the Mississippi, structures 
designed to suppress natural flows were causing floods to be more expensive and dangerous when 
they inevitably breached the engineered boundaries. To remedy this, the community had to obtain 
widespread support for the removal of structures that had been constructed by the Army Corps of 
Engineers. Three hundred people had to be persuaded to relocate their homes and businesses from 
the floodplain. Nonetheless, in the end, they managed to turn a “stagnant urban bathtub” into a 
living river with wetlands, natural habitats and trails for hikers.
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There are also many cases where 
even private companies have deemed the economic value of eco-services to be worth the funding of 
ecological restoration projects.

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