‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


If cars are fuel-efficient, or emissions-free, will that eliminate the problem?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

If cars are fuel-efficient, or emissions-free, will that eliminate the problem?
No. We probably cannot wean people off their cars, but designing zero emission cars is not solving 
the problem. Not only are emissions entailed in the manufacture of new hypercars, they have 
not
been designed to reduce the impacts of accidents. In Australia, for example, there are 350 deaths a 
year resulting from car accidents in a population of just over 20 million. We design cars to reduce 
damage to the car body and its passengers. We do not design cars to reduce their impacts on the 
cars and passengers that they hit. A more positive design approach would be to design cars that also 
reduce damage to other cars, pedestrians and cyclists. Although urban sprawl was partly caused 
by design for the convenience of cars, the solution is not simply to design for the inconvenience of 
cars. Cities must instead be designed 
for
people and nature.
42
Discouraging car usage by creating 
congestion, while subsidizing cars, has created a vicious circle. Car owners pay about a quarter of 
the full 
public
cost of cars, which includes fossil fuel consumption, premature deaths, medical costs 
and other forms of collateral damage.
43
As long as we do not have adequate public transportation 
alternatives, costly, long-term land-use planning strategies will not address excessive car usage, let 
alone car production and ownership. Good planning would instead make it more convenient, safe, 
quick and pleasant to take public transport, use bikes or walk.


55
Sustainable Urban Form
What is the starting point for increasing urban sustainability, then?
The starting point should be the ecological base and public estate, not a given ‘solution’ [Chapter 
15]. Residential density as a ‘solution’ can lead to overly compact development patterns that close off 
future options by reducing the natural life-support system and future (responsible) social choice. Due 
to changing land values, increasing urban density often occurs at the expense of open space and the 
future adaptability that space provides. If central city living is overly ‘compact’, people and businesses 
may choose, in a free society, to relocate where they can access more open space and environmental 
quality. To compete with outer regions, where land tends to be cheaper, urban development cannot 
afford to sacrifice natural amenity. Communities are now increasingly voting to re-acquire land for 
parks and open space, as public appreciation of its social and economic value grows. The Trust for 
Public Lands in the US has collected many analyses of how open space increases property values and 
saves the community money overall.
44
‘Intensification’, or introducing multiple uses by integrating 
nature
in existing urban areas, would be a better indicator of sustainability than ‘densification’ (ie 
compact living with more mixed 
economic
uses). Economic methods are now better able to assess 
some of the economic value of nature and eco-services, so there is now less excuse for just measuring 
distances and density [Boxes 42 and 43].

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