‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Isn’t passenger car transport a good surrogate for all road transport?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Isn’t passenger car transport a good surrogate for all road transport?
Reductions in car travel through encouraging denser urban residential development could be 
cancelled out by increases in truck transport, not to mention air travel and so on. In the absence 
of urban agriculture, food needs to be transported into a city and distributed everywhere.
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Truck 
transport has different ‘demand drivers’ than cars. Trucking is driven by necessity, while much car 
travel is discretionary – based on convenience, time and choice. The role of car owner preferences 
cannot be overestimated. A reduction in car dependency through more compact urban form would 
still be subject to myriad individual preferences that often have more to do with status, a desire for 
privacy and other things besides avoiding congestion. In fact, in dense urban environments, the car 
often serves as a ‘cone of silence’ where drivers can escape the crowds. Some people in major cities 
commute very long distances – up to three hours a day – to live in a better neighbourhood and bigger 
homes. While greater urban residential density corresponds roughly with reduced car travel for 
convenience shopping and commuting, this does not hold true for other kinds of individual choices.
Residents of inner city areas often drive to the periphery for recreation and contact with nature, for 
example. Moreover, increasing densities will not encourage people to use public transport if a good 
service does not exist. So the focus on cars has obscured the fact that overall impacts of trucks can 
be both greater than that of cars and easier to influence.
What are some impacts of trucking, as opposed to passenger car transport?
Car transport is generally the largest transport sector in terms of fuel and energy consumption, but 
only slightly more than trucking. The greenhouse gas emissions of trucks are also only slightly less in 
total than those of cars, but more per vehicle. As trucking is usually a matter of commercial necessity, 
it can also be more predictable than passenger car travel. Therefore, truck transport could be more 
directly influenced by design, incentives or regulations. Trucking with fuel cell engines is reputedly 
relatively efficient.
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In fact, some trucking and bus fleets are already converting to hybrid engines, as 


53
Sustainable Urban Form
they benefit from economies of scale. Total fuel consumption by trucks may be lower 
or
higher in a 
given place or point in time than those of cars. However, truck transport creates more road damage, 
seed dispersal and diesel emissions, which are high in particulates. Increased residential density could 
preclude land-use functions that reduce trucking, such as urban farming, local compostable materials, 
passive solar design, conservatories, rainwater collection systems and Living Machines. These require 
appropriate forms of space, scale and management systems to operate efficiently. While eco-service 
functions can be integrated with human activity in virtually any development, it is more costly and 
difficult in denser environments. Composting toilets (that do not require piped water), for example, 
are impractical in high-rise buildings [Box 13]. So we need to look at the urban environment as a 
designed system, rather than a background for human activity.

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