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Has the linear-reductionist approach ‘backgrounded’ environmental design?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Has the linear-reductionist approach ‘backgrounded’ environmental design? 
To a large extent. By ignoring built environment design – which currently traps us in energy-intensive 
production systems, processes and materials – ‘upstream’ levers for reducing energy, greenhouse and 
other impacts through planning and design were overlooked. There were many other reasons for this, 
of course, including how we 
frame
policy issues. For example, energy and greenhouse gases were seen 
as products of primary industry rather than design. Therefore, environmental management initially 
focused on primary industry, like agriculture, forestry and manufacturing. Construction was thought 
of as a ‘secondary’ industry, so its impacts were presumed to be secondary.
39
In reality, the material 
and energy flows through ‘primary’ industries are shaped by the ‘demand’ for materials and products.
And, as we have seen, demand is largely determined by design. For example, much of the greenhouse 
gas emissions attributed to transport are due to materials mined and transported for construction 
and/or demolition. Because we have considered the design of development as ‘a given’, however, we 
have tried to reduce the impacts of extraction and manufacturing at one end and consumer behaviour 
at the other end [Chapter 1]. Another example of how framing issues shapes results is that the 
conventional greenhouse ‘pie chart’ usually breaks down into commercial, residential, manufacturing 
and other slices. The effect of this is that the built environment is divided among different categories, 
and hence marginalized. In other words, by dividing the built environment into different wedges, 
it does not appear as a huge generator of greenhouse gases, or material and energy flows, and their 
accompanying waste and pollution, in other sectors. This, in turn, conceals areas where improvements 
can easily be made through changes to design and construction systems.
40
Design has great potential 
to reduce energy and greenhouse gas emissions in all wedges of the greenhouse gas ‘pie’.

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