‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


Could a constitution really protect the right to a sustainable future?



Download 3,71 Mb.
Pdf ko'rish
bet281/467
Sana27.06.2022
Hajmi3,71 Mb.
#707769
1   ...   277   278   279   280   281   282   283   284   ...   467
Bog'liq
Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Could a constitution really protect the right to a sustainable future?
No, but it is probably a precondition. The American Constitution was not designed to protect 
environmental rights or the rights of future generations to a sustainable environment.
17
It was based 
primarily on ‘freedom to’ do things, rather than ‘freedom from’ the actions of others that cause 
environmental harm. Nor were democratic processes intended to protect the public from corporate 
or bureaucratic interference in substantive democracy. It viewed private property and individualism, 
not the commons and community, as the basis of liberty. Thus, the Constitution required the State 
to do no harm with respect to the rights of citizens. It did not require the state or citizens to 
do good 
or protect the ecological base and public estate, human and ecosystem health, and so on. The State 
could placate demands and resolve conflict in the short term by dividing up resources. Politicians 
could enhance their position by giving away natural resources. So again, the common good or 
public interest was left largely to individuals, charities and, later, not-for-profit organizations. It 
is unlikely that environmental groups would ever be able to buy up all natural habitats to protect 
ecosystems from unwise bureaucratic decisions or individual and corporate excesses. So although the 
US Constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power by the State through structural means, 
it is clearly insufficient in today’s circumstances.
How do decision-making structures change despite good constitutions?
Constitutional provisions that restrain the accumulation of government power did not prevent 
corporations from gaining undue influence over resource-allocation decisions. Corporations 
could become a force for sustainability, but this is not likely when they operate above governments 
(through, for example, the WTO). They are not subject to enforceable ethical precepts of relevance to 
sustainability [Box 37]. In a supply-driven economy, consumer abstinence is a lot to ask for, whereas 
consumer demand for environmental quality is not likely to be met. Many studies, over the last two 
decades at least, document the transfer of public resources to private corporate interests at below cost.
For example, as Robert Repetto noted some 20 years ago, logging companies are clear-felling public 
land at a net loss to the taxpayer. Sometimes timber has been auctioned off to logging companies 
for less than the transaction costs of preparing for the auction. Moreover, the sale of timber does 
not cover the cost of managing the forest. And the proceeds do not cover the replacement cost of 
the resources (ie natural capital) – which businesses would ordinarily have to provide in the case 
of manufacturing capital. This squandering of resources and expropriation still continues in many 
countries through the active complicity of governments.
18
Perhaps only a global system of eco-
governance can prevent current levels of resource expropriation.

Download 3,71 Mb.

Do'stlaringiz bilan baham:
1   ...   277   278   279   280   281   282   283   284   ...   467




Ma'lumotlar bazasi mualliflik huquqi bilan himoyalangan ©hozir.org 2024
ma'muriyatiga murojaat qiling

kiriting | ro'yxatdan o'tish
    Bosh sahifa
юртда тантана
Боғда битган
Бугун юртда
Эшитганлар жилманглар
Эшитмадим деманглар
битган бодомлар
Yangiariq tumani
qitish marakazi
Raqamli texnologiyalar
ilishida muhokamadan
tasdiqqa tavsiya
tavsiya etilgan
iqtisodiyot kafedrasi
steiermarkischen landesregierung
asarlaringizni yuboring
o'zingizning asarlaringizni
Iltimos faqat
faqat o'zingizning
steierm rkischen
landesregierung fachabteilung
rkischen landesregierung
hamshira loyihasi
loyihasi mavsum
faolyatining oqibatlari
asosiy adabiyotlar
fakulteti ahborot
ahborot havfsizligi
havfsizligi kafedrasi
fanidan bo’yicha
fakulteti iqtisodiyot
boshqaruv fakulteti
chiqarishda boshqaruv
ishlab chiqarishda
iqtisodiyot fakultet
multiservis tarmoqlari
fanidan asosiy
Uzbek fanidan
mavzulari potok
asosidagi multiservis
'aliyyil a'ziym
billahil 'aliyyil
illaa billahil
quvvata illaa
falah' deganida
Kompyuter savodxonligi
bo’yicha mustaqil
'alal falah'
Hayya 'alal
'alas soloh
Hayya 'alas
mavsum boyicha


yuklab olish