‘This is a wonderful book that should be on the desk of every architect and planner. It shows how


So how do we avoid imposing one group’s ethics or beliefs on others?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

So how do we avoid imposing one group’s ethics or beliefs on others?
The constitution should be based on shared democratic principles, so that it does not favour one set 
of values. However, life itself, has intrinsic value. It is generally accepted that people tend to value 
freedom, even though they do not always see the relationship between freedom and the ecology. While 
few may embrace the genuine sustainability that this book advocates, democracy is almost universally 
understood and valued. Thus sustainability can be couched in a democratic framework. One example 
of a set of widely-shared democratic principles is the Earth Charter. This is a fundamental statement 
of values developed over a multi-year worldwide, cross-cultural, international and participatory 
process.
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It recognized that it is imperative to commit to global responsibility. Two of its principles 
are pertinent here:
• 
Ensure that economic activities and institutions at all levels provide human development in
an equitable and sustainable manner (Section III, paragraph10)
• 
Strengthen democratic institutions at all levels, and provide transparency and accountancy 
in governance, inclusive participation in decision-making, and access to justice (Section IV,
paragraph 13)
Such basic concepts of governance are almost universally acceptable, at least among people not in a 
position to abuse power over others. Given that safeguards for democracy and preventing the abuse 
of government power were fundamental to its design, we can build upon the American model. And, 
if we can build on established principles, ecological modernization cannot be said to be too radical 
or too hard.
What are some safeguards that can prevent power imbalances over time?
One safeguard was the Bill of Rights. ‘Rights’, of course, imply mutual respect and responsibilities.
Having basic rights and access to fair processes makes a difference in the culture of civil society, as 
safeguards like free speech make people more ‘open’, secure and honest.
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Decisions are less likely to 
be conducted behind closed doors if those affected can assert their rights to natural justice and due 
process. Safeguards corrode over time, however. For example, to promote business, the legislatures 
and courts granted corporations the rights and protections accorded to individuals. This greatly 
altered the nature of democracy over time. Another example of relevance to resource allocation is 
how a principle like the private ownership of land can be affected by a changing context. Initially, the 
private ownership of land ensured individuals had independent means of survival.
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This right made 
sense when the frontier seemed limitless, as everyone could – in theory – acquire land if they worked 
hard. As available land is reduced, however, those who do not inherit property, or otherwise become 
wealthy, can be effectively shut out of the property market. With property, vast amounts of power can 
be acquired by a relatively few individuals or businesses. Without property, the ability to acquire life 
quality and resource security is compromised. This makes people vulnerable to changing economic 
circumstances (eg urban renters can be subject to rents that are disproportionate to wages). So a 
provision designed to safeguard people can gradually became a source of unequal power relationships.
Another safeguard was elections to ensure decision-making accountability. However, elections cannot 
hold decision-makers accountable with regard to sustainability issues, as the voting cycle is too short 
compared to environmental impacts.
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Constitution for Eco-governance

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