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Can’t regulations and economic instruments prevent resource expropriation?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

Can’t regulations and economic instruments prevent resource expropriation?
In theory, but they are not doing so. Regulatory and market-based instruments have scarcely addressed 
the problem of ‘perverse subsidies’, let alone ecological waste [Chapter 4]. Studies have documented 
perverse subsidies worth over $650 billion world wide to prop up natural resource-intensive industries 
and activities (logging, farming, fishing, mining, oil drilling, livestock grazing, energy consumption 
and cars), the equivalent of 9 per cent of government revenue. Subsidies at the global level include 
$40 billion to forestry, $54 billion to fisheries and $300 billion to fossil fuel/nuclear energy.
19
Relatively 
little is spent on environmentally protective subsidies, such as soil or wetlands conservation. Many 
more subsidies still go to fossil fuels than solar power.
20
Because perverse subsidies occur under the 
active gaze of government agencies, and over many decades, they should be seen as systemic – not 


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Positive Development
coincidental. The fact that they continue to exist is an indicator that governments are not really 
accountable to the general public. And if they are not, the institutional system needs re-design.
Natural resources – the means of survival – are being depleted, polluted and privatized by taxpayer’s 
‘representatives’. Hence it cannot be said that the taxpayer’s long-term interests are being represented.
If decision systems erode the rights and security that a constitution was intended to protect (let alone 
sustainability), it should be seen as ‘institutional corruption’.
21
Surely ‘inanimate’ market or government mechanisms cannot be corrupt?
Systems that transfer wealth in ways that benefit the few far more than the many, and militate against 
sustainable resource consumption, cannot be said to be in the best interests of the ultimate ‘employer’ 
in a democracy: the citizenry. There are, of course, many extraneous reasons for perverse subsidies, 
including the fact that the market often creates price efficiency at the expense of efficient resource 
usage. And, of course, some consequences of government decisions are simply unintended. But 
systems that transfer public assets to special interests at below cost are not ecologically rational.
Environmental governance is often corrupt in the conventional, financial sense as well. The sad 
saga of the Aral Sea illustrates this level of conspicuous corruption. The Aral Sea has virtually dried 
up due to the syphoning-off of upstream water supplies, largely for rice growing. It is reputedly a 
case of financial corruption, as money collected to protect the sea was (allegedly) pocketed for other 
purposes.
22
But it is also a case of systemic corruption, as the previous Soviet government essentially 
‘piratized’ the lake by diverting its water for some favoured regions at the expense of others. Similarly
government complicity in essentially illegal and unsustainable logging of tropical forests is still rife in 
many ‘biodiversity hotspots’ around the world. Most resource transfers are more subtle. Of course, 
there are many systemic reasons why governments have permitted disenfranchisement, piratization, 
perverse subsidies, unjust enrichment and the abuse of power to continue – if not increase.

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