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What is substitution and how does this relate to sustainability?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What is substitution and how does this relate to sustainability?
Substitution means that we can trade off natural capital for social capital. For example, developers 
may promise a cultural centre and jobs for Aborigines in order to gain approval for a mining 
development on traditional lands. This may represent an improvement over past practices, but 
does not replace losses in eco-services, ecology and culture. Today, there are many new eco-service 
trading schemes that purport to compensate nature as well as investors [Chapter 11]. But this is 
nothing new: bargaining, payoffs and tradeoffs to ‘balance competing interests’ in conservation and 
development have always been part of the planning and development process. To achieve a true 
‘balance’, by contrast, cities would need to perform the services of (for instance) the world’s lost forest 
cover, as well as replace the forests that they use [Chapter 4]. A truly sustainable built environment 
would therefore require a fundamentally different intellectual ‘DNA’ for environmental management 
and design. To move forward, then, it is important to distinguish eco-logical design from what is 
currently called ‘green building’ [Box 27]. We are using the term ‘Positive Development’ to refer to 
design that reverses the impacts of current systems of development, increases the ecological base and 
public estate, and improves life quality. This is to be distinguished from green building, which largely 
aims to reduce negative environmental, economic and social impacts. Positive Development requires 
capacity building in design. We cannot wait for markets to stimulate better design indirectly.
Can’t consumer choice and market signals bring change toward sustainability?
No. Market signals mean little when sustainable living options – let alone ‘green’ buildings – are not 
even on the market. But there is a bright side. Because the design, construction and management 
of the built environment is 
central
to most sustainability issues, it is also a source of eco-solutions.
Construction amounts to about half of national capital investment in many countries. It uses roughly 
half of our resource consumption by weight (over seven tons of materials per person per year).
20
It also consumes about half of our energy.
21
More important, as we noted, building impacts are 
inseparable from the impacts generally attributed to extraction and manufacturing industries, such 
as forestry, transport and mining. This means the built environment is arguably not only the biggest 
driver of consumption, but the largest discretionary area where environmental improvements can be 
made without life quality sacrifices – apart from the military. It is important to remind ourselves that 
there is no shortage of money. What the world spends on military activity in three days would solve 
most of the world’s ‘environmental problems’.
22
Spending money on peacemaking (eg building local 
schools) would be more cost-effective. Moreover, re-designing the built environment would create 
jobs at far less cost per job than the military – but with 
positive
spill-over effects on the economy.
Eco-retrofitting, and even just ‘greening’, urban areas to achieve net positive improvements over
pre-construction conditions would cost no more than perpetuating ongoing damage. This is 
especially true since we already provide, maintain and refurbish places almost continuously
[Chapter 2]. 


9
Design for Eco-services
Any building can be retrofitted to reduce its heating, cooling, lighting and ventilating bill, while cleaning air and 
water, reducing the urban heat island effect, and producing soil and food.
Figure 1 Eco-retrofitting example

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