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How can economic indicators and measures be relevant to sustainability?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

How can economic indicators and measures be relevant to sustainability?
Environmental indicators are still trumped by economic ones. We have been too busy predicting the 
rate of environmental decline – how much longer the environment will be able to adapt to society 
– to re-design our systems of planning and policymaking around meaningful measures. There have, 
however, been many comprehensive critiques of the main government indicator, gross domestic 
product (GDP).
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GDP measures market activity or material consumption – rather than human 
wellbeing or sustainability. Despite its known problems, it is still the dominant indicator of ‘progress’.
In fact, ironically, GDP is often used within sustainability reporting. When ‘ESD reporting’ was 
introduced in Australia, for example, it meant moving to a ‘triple bottom line’. So economic concepts 
were added on top of environmental and social indicators, ostensibly in keeping with sustainability 
principles. This often meant colonization of environmental efforts by an economic mindset. In a 
parallel process, sustainability and economic personnel were integrated into the same government 
divisions, ostensibly to support the concept of a whole-of-government approach. The adoption of 
the ‘triple bottom line’ in government circles and the integration of financial and environmental 
analysts sounds positive. It suggests mutual learning and problem solving. However, it has often 
meant the re-colonization of environmental agency staff and programmes by the dominant economic 
ideology. The use of GDP is one way that environmental programmes lose their potential to create 
genuine progress.
Can indicators like GDP actually impede progress toward sustainability?
Yes. Many environmental economists have critiqued GDP as failing to measure ‘genuine progress’.
Because it only measures market transactions, for example, GDP does not measure the loss of


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Positive Development
eco-services or waste of natural resources. Nature is not a commodity that is bought and sold in 
markets. Further, GDP does not distinguish between activities in the market that are good for 
ecological and human health and those that cause harm. Any activity or product that is produced 
for sale is deemed to 
add
to national wellbeing. Tsunamis, earthquakes, wars and oil spills can 
increase GDP. GDP can ‘go up’ even when our stock of resources is reduced and when unemployment 
and poverty are increased. Further, because GDP does not count things outside the market, as 
environmental economists have shown, it devalues the contributions of the family, such as volunteer 
work, housework, and care for the disabled and the elderly. Some have noted that GDP goes up if 
a family eats out and goes down if a man marries his housekeeper.
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‘Defensive expenditure’ – such 
as money spent cleaning up pollution, protecting oneself from crime, moving to avoid congestion 
and noise, or setting up ‘pollution permitting’ authorities – is considered ‘positive’ in GDP terms. In 
other words, GDP creates vicious circles where negatives are counted as positives.

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