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What can we do about the problems caused by economic indicators?



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Positive Development From Vicious Circles to V

What can we do about the problems caused by economic indicators?
Over the last two decades, many ecological economists have argued for new economic indicators to 
replace GDP at the national level. The Human Development Index (HDI), for example, is a measure 
of human wellbeing based on various standard of living indicators, especially child welfare. Similarly, 
genuine progress indicators (GPIs) attempt to treat triple-bottom-line criteria more equally.
21
The 
need for this is buttressed by research that has demonstrated that quality of life has been falling despite 
economic ‘growth’ as measured by GDP [Box 34]. Since the mid 1970s, statistics on GDP and social 
wellbeing have diverged. That is, wealth no longer correlates well with happiness. This is partly 
because, in developed nations, health is influenced more by income ‘distribution’ than material wealth, 
and disparities of wealth are increasing [Chapter 1]. The psychological and social consequences of 
living in an inequitable society also affect life quality and wellbeing.
22
Some countries are moving 
in the direction of life quality indicators, such as Norway and Tibet.
23
But despite the fact that GPI 
indicators correspond better than GDP with the real world, the uptake of GPI has been slow. Among 
the many reasons for this is that mainstream economists have been able to ignore the critiques of 
GDP due to their hegemony on political influence. Another reason for the slow uptake of GPI is 
that it can be complex and technical (in parallel with rating and assessment tools). One cannot yet 
pull GPI figures off the shelf for built environment issues.
24
Therefore GPI are not generally used in 
environmental management, let alone in development assessment. And to the extent they are used, 
they are inadequate to reflect distributive justice. This is partly because GPI emphasize not what is 
happening to the ecology and democracy but how people feel about it.

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