So how can we develop indicators that aid deep sustainability considerations?
Indicators of whole systems health must relate to the ecological base and public estate. Most indicators
focus on single issues or measurable impacts in separate environmental media like air, soil or water.
There are growing attempts to integrate indicators with actual
planning
– as opposed to assessment,
auditing and reporting processes – at least in rhetoric. For example, indicators have been integrated
into management plans at all levels, such as farm plans, catchment plans and local council plans. This
means that they could become a guide to action, rather than a retrospective assessment of performance.
There are also many indicators that reflect impacts on the health of ecosystems. However, in the case
of biodiversity, for example, the overall health of the system can be concealed by looking at certain
‘keystone’ species. Thus, by the time they are threatened, it is too late. To ensure select species survive,
we need to restore the whole food chain, by expanding ecosystems that support the complex network
of other species upon which they depend. In other words, a ‘rhizomatic approach’.
25
A sustainability
standard (with guidelines and prototypes for inspiration) therefore provides a better handle for built
environment design. Sustainability indicators should assess either how far we are from sustainability
(using RT, EW and CI analyses) or identify areas of design failure [Chapter 14]. If urban and rural
developments are to provide eco-services and address inequities, we need not only to consider how
to generate and measure positive improvements, but how to ensure their
ongoing
management.
Can reporting be used to ensure ongoing management improvements?
To improve performance in design over time and throughout the whole life-cycle, there must be
management systems in place that ensure developer or manufacturer responsibility for ongoing
positive action. In environmental management systems, ‘continuous improvement’ is an established
principle. But in the built environment context, developers’ or producers’ accountability often ends
with project approval or product sales. The concept of continuous improvement through ongoing
management, monitoring and ‘verification’ (comparing actual to predicted impacts) is gradually
being introduced into development approvals. It has long been recognized that there is a need to
reassess projects after construction to check the accuracy of predictions and ensure compliance
with development conditions. This has seldom been a budgetary priority, of course. There is also
a growing trend towards ‘extended producer responsibility’ (EPR), or ‘product stewardship’. This
requires manufacturers to take back products at the end of their life or be responsible for their
disposal. This approach fosters the implementation of ‘design for disassembly’, and ‘deconstruction
and reuse’, as opposed to just reprocessing discarded products as raw materials [Box 6]. It would be
hard to ‘take back’ buildings, after their useful life span, for many reasons. There are nonetheless
ways of addressing continuous improvement of buildings.
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Positive Development
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