The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy



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thesis

a la realidad

‘an unknown force destroys her/his concentration and throws him/her 
to reality
. ‘ 
(CdE:19-F, Muy Buen Chingazo, Un) 
(127) …se 
LANZÓ
a la conquista de cinco metros de asfalto
... 
‘He 
THREW
himself 
to conquer five meters of asphalt.
’ 
(128) Rita se 
ECHÓ
a llorar

(CdE:19-F, Micro cuentos para soñar en…) 
‘Rita 
BEGAN
to cry
. ‘ 
Two sentence types are excluded from the study of 
DIRECTIONALS
. The first type is 
the 9 sentences with 
echar de menos
‘to miss’. I argue in §2.4.3 and §4.2.3 that this phrase is 
mostly non-compositional and can be treated as a single whole, closer to a multi-word lexical 
item
19
. The phrase does not line up either semantically or syntactically to most other uses of 
verb 
echar
. For this reason, these phrases are not included in the tests.
I also exclude the sentences with 
tirar 
that mean ‘to pull’ which include a phrase 
introduced by the preposition 
de 
‘from/of’. The structure of these phrases also differs 
considerably from all other sentences. I have annotated these 
de 
phrases as 
MOVANTS
, which 
is discussed in §4.2.2. Yet in §4.3.6 I will argue that several characteristics of this ‘pulling’ 
schema can be explained if we see these phrases (
de las riendas 
‘from the reins’
 
for example) 
as both 
MOVANTS 
and 
DIRECTIONALS
.
19
It is also true that the phrase includes a prepositional phrase of sorts (
de menos
), so that in structure at least 
it includes a phrase similar to that of other 
DIRECTIONALS
. From a synchronic perspective, it seems very unlikely 
that 
de menos
is considered a prepositional phrase with its own associated semantics.


99 | 
The nature of the 
DIRECTIONAL
differs from the previous two arguments in important 
ways. First of all, the 
DIRECTIONAL
phrase seems to be optional (Morante et al. 1998, Porto 
Dapena 2002). We saw that 
INITIATORS
are always present (due to verbal morphology) and 
there are only 22 sentences that lack a 
MOVANT
. In contrast, over 100 sentences lack a 
DIRECTIONAL
. The presence or absence of a feature or element can provide significant 
distinctions in a corpus study. For example, Divjak & Gries (2008) use the presence versus 
absence of negation as one of their multiple parameters. The first test on 
DIRECTIONALS
explores the presence versus absence of a 
DIRECTIONAL 
(§4.3.1).
A second characteristic of the 
DIRECTIONAL
, distinguishing it from the other 
arguments, is the fact that it is possible for a single sentence to have more than one 
DIRECTIONAL
. Since 
DIRECTIONALS
can refer to various parts of the trajectory of motion, two 
complementary phrases can be expressed simultaneously.
(CdE:19-F, Huellas en la arena) 
(129) El mar me 
LANZABA

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