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(CdE:19-F, Hijo de ladrón)
(115) Tome de aquí; eso es;
TIRE
para allá
.
Usted
:
TIRE
para acá
. Bien, el palo. Levanten.
‘Grab here: that’s it;
PULL
that way
. You:
PULL
this way
. Good, the stick. Lift.’
This dropping of the
MOVANT
occurs both in the
THROWING
sense and in the
PULL
sense. Since the
MOVANT
is made clear by the context, it can be left unexpressed in a specific
sentence. In (114), the darts are mentioned earlier. Therefore, in the final sentence it is clear
what is being thrown. It is also possible that the
tirar
in this case instantiates the
SHOOT
(
SPORTS
) schema. Darts are part of a game or sport and they can fit this schema where
expressing the
MOVANT
is optional. Having one analysis or motivation does not preclude the
existence of another and in fact both may be at play (Tuggy 1985b).
In (115), the interlocutors are aware of the element being pulled. Again, since context
can fill in all the participants, the
MOVANT
is not expressed. It is also possible that the
appearance of the prepositional phrase
para acá
‘this way’ plays a role (See §4.3.6).
4.2.7 Summary
The
throw-
verbs are polysemous. They each express several different types of
notions. These extensions in meaning can be captured with schemas that specify the
participant roles that are required in each and the semantics of the entire construction. The
MOVANTS
are especially relevant to meaning, because it is often the case that a specific
MOVANT
or semantic class of
MOVANTS
is associated to a particular meaning.
This section (§4.2) showed that each verb tends to be used frequently in a small set of
construction types which are associated with specific type of
MOVANTS
.
Arrojar
is used
mostly in the
THROWING
construction explaining its attraction for physical inanimate
MOVANTS
. But the
PRODUCING DATA
construction was fairly frequent and an important part of
the behavior of this verb.
Lanzar
for the most part appears in a variety of light verb constructions expressing
human interaction. For that reason it strongly attracts nonphysical
MOVANTS
.
Lanzar
also
appears in sentences that describe throwing oneself to a place or to an action (the inchoative
phrases).
Lanzar
is only rarely used in the
THROWING
schema, hence the very low occurrence
of physical animate
MOVANTS
.
Tirar
is used very often to express the
THROWING
schema, though it has a few other
meaning extensions.
Tirar
is the verb with the highest attraction to physical inanimate
MOVANTS
. It generally does not appear in LVCs, though the
HITS
schema indicates that it can
appear in LVCs, and combine with nonphysical
MOVANTS
,
though very limitedly.
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The behavior of
echar
is quite distinct from the other verbs. Instead of attracting a
specific type of
MOVANT
, it is split almost equally across the three types.
Echar
is more
characterized by the variety of semi-fixed phrases that it can appear in. It also appears in
some LVCs, especially in the
BLAME
and
LOOKS
schema. It is often used in the inchoative
periphrasis. I also argue that the central
THROWING
schema for
echar
differs in important
ways from the other
throw-
verbs, especially concerning the amount of strength or force.
Each verb tends to appear with high frequency in a small set of schemas. But the data
also makes evident that there are a variety of lower-frequency schemas associated with the
throw
-verbs. For example,
tirar
can mean ‘to slam (a door)’ and ‘to print’ and
echar
can
mean ‘to pour’ and forms several idiomatic phrases that mean ‘to ruin’. There are many
different types of meanings associated with different types of participants that are part of the
behavior of each verb.
The data also show cases of functional synonymy; where two or more verbs can be
used in the same or similar schema. Functional synonymy indicates that in certain cases the
verbs have uses that overlap. For example,
arrojar, echar
and
tirar
can be used in the
BANISHMENT
schemas;
arrojar, echar
and
lanzar
are used in the
LOOKS
schema. Their
meaning may not be identical, but the verbs can function in similar types of sentences and
express similar situations.
For the majority of the meanings seen in the data, I have maintained that the
associated schemas are connected to the central
THROWING
schema by extension links. The
extension links capture the fact that there are semantic traits that are maintained. The
throw-
verbs mostly express motion. The most common is motion to a new location. This can be
seen in the
THROWING
schema, the
PULLING
schema and in
echar
when it means ‘to put/pour’.
In the
BANISHMENT
schemas there is motion (whether immediate or delayed) out of or away
from a location. Movement also occurs when
echar
is used to describe the growth of plant
parts. For example, when roots grow they extend; this is a type movement. Physical
movement can also be seen in the
HITS
schema, where the arm must move in order to
complete the hit.
Then, the data shows several types of abstract motion. In the
LOOKS
and
SOUNDS
schemas, and even in the
POLITICS
schemas, there is an element that is directed towards
another. Looks are directed to another individual or to a location. Obviously looks do not
literally move through space, but they are conceived in such terms. An action directed at a
person is understood as an object given to that person (Goldberg 1995:94). It is also possible
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for the motion verbs to express the beginning of an action. This is seen in the inchoative
phrases, which is discussed in §4.3.5.
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