The Interplay of Synonymy and Polysemy


 |  4.3.1 Presence versus Absence of a Directional in the 400-sentence Corpus



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101 | 
4.3.1 Presence versus Absence of a Directional in the 400-sentence Corpus 
Table 11 shows the distribution of 
the presence versus absence of a 
DIRECTIONAL
.
With a
X-squared of 19.11 
and a df of 3, the p-value is 2.59E-04. The 
Cramer’s V is 0.2246; lying between a 
small and medium effect size (King & 
Minium 2008:327-329). The goodness-of-fit (GOF) p-value shows that only 
echar
has a 
significantly distinct distribution. It has more sentences with a 
DIRECTIONAL
, and far fewer 
sentences lacking a 
DIRECTIONAL
.
An analysis of the absence of a 
DIRECTIONAL
must take into account the many 
different schemas (and associated meanings) that have been posited so far. Each specific 
schema has its own preferences on the appearance of a 
DIRECTIONAL
. We will see that some 
schemas from the data rarely occurr with a 
DIRECTIONAL
. Others show a level of optionality: 
the data show frequent cases of both presence and absence of a 
DIRECTIONAL
. Finally, some 
schemas (almost) require
21

DIRECTIONAL
, often times because it is lexically filled. The 
following is not meant as an exhaustive discussion but an exemplification of the preferences 
that schemas can present in the 
DIRECTIONAL 
slot.
Schemas with No Directional 
A first schema that does not include a 
DIRECTIONAL
is the 
PRODUCING DATA 
schema 
seen with 
arrojar
. In most cases, there is a data source with the resulting data, but no element 
of directionality.
(CdE:19-OR, Entrevista (PRI)) 
(132) …
la experiencia de Baja California
ARROJÓ
el resultado que conocemos… 

The experience of Baja California
PRODUCED
the result that we know.’
(CdE:19-N, Col:Semana:824) 
(133) …
las operaciones posteriores
no 
ARROJARON
resultados ostensibles… 

The operations that followed
did not 
PRODUCE
ostensible results.’ 
Since a 
DIRECTIONAL 
does not appear in the data for this type of expression, it is not 
included as one of its arguments (see §4.1). The schema only includes a source (
INITIATOR
)
21
I am hard pressed to use absolute phrases like never or always, or require or forbid since there are usually 
always exceptions to a rule. But finding one exception does not deny these generalizations. For example, If we 
find cases of the 
PRODUCING
DATA 
schema with a 
DIRECTIONAL
it does not deny that as a general (though not 
absolute) rule, this schema prefers not to have a 
DIRECTIONAL
.

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