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Impact of Illegal Immigration on the Wages & Employment of Black Workers
Statements
Gordon H. Hanson
University of California, San Diego and National Bureau of Economic Research
Immigration and Labor Market Outcomes for African-Americans
During the last several decades, there has been a dramatic rise in U.S. immigration. In 1970,
5 percent of the U.S. population was foreign born; by 2006, the foreign born population share
was 12 percent. In terms of employment, immigrants now account for one out of every seven
U.S. workers. There is considerable interest in the impact of immigration on the U.S.
labor market. Following the logic of economic theory, since immigration increases the
supply of workers in the U.S. economy, it should put downward pressure on the wages of
native labor. The adverse wage impacts are strongest for workers that compete most directly
with immigrants for jobs. With over 30 percent of immigrants having less than a high school
education, it is low skilled native workers who are likely to feel the greatest effects from
immigration.
Among economists, there is disagreement about whether the data bear out the negative
predictions of immigration for U.S. labor. Without rehashing this debate, I will share with
you that my own view—based on extensive data analysis—is that immigration has lowered
wages for native born U.S. high school dropouts. What I would like to focus on in my brief
remarks today is some specific research I have done of the impact of immigration on the
wages, employment, and incarceration rates of African-American men. This work was
written jointly with George Borjas of Harvard University and Jeffrey Grogger of the
University of Chicago. I will summarize the results of our recent National Bureau of
Economic Research Working Paper, ―Immigration and African-American Employment
Opportunities: The Response of Wages, Employment, and Incarceration to Labor Supply
Shocks.‖
Low skilled black men have had a rough past few decades in the U.S. labor market. The
employment rate of African-American men fell from 75 percent in 1960 to 68 percent in
2000.
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This stands in contrast to the contemporaneous decline from 87 to 85 percent among
white men. The employment gap widened even more for low-skill persons: the employment
rate of black high school dropouts fell from 72 to 42 percent, whereas it fell from 83 to 64
percent among white high school dropouts. The decline in labor market participation among
black men was accompanied by a rapid increase in the number of black men in correctional
institutions. In 1980, only 0.8 percent of black men (and 1.4 percent of black high school
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The ―employment rate‖ gives the average fraction of weeks worked during the calendar year prior to the
Census (the ratio of weeks worked, including zeros, to 52). The ―incarceration rate‖ gives the fraction of
persons who are institutionalized at the time of the Census.
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