li,
I reached
the country of Garjanapati (in the domain of Central India). Garja na pati is
more than two thousand
li
in circuit and its capital city, which borders the
Ganges River, is more than ten
li
in circuit. The inhabitants are rich and
happy and the towns and villages are close to one another. The soil is fertile
180
Fascicle VII
and farming is done in accordance with the seasons. The climate is temperate
and the people are simple and honest by social custom and rustic and intrepid
by nature. They believe in both the wrong and the right religions. There are
over ten monasteries with less than one thousand monks, all of whom follow
the Hinayana teachings.
Deva
temples amount to twenty and followers of
the different faiths live together.
In a monastery to the northwest of the great city there is a stupa built by
King Aśoka. It is said in the
Record of India
that one liter of the Tathāgata’s
relic bones is preserved in this stupa. In olden times the Tathāgata preached
the wonderful Dharma to an assembly of
deva
s and humans for seven days
at this place. Beside it are sites where the three past buddhas sat and walked
up and down. In the vicinity of these sites is a statue of Maitreya Bodhisattva.
Although small in size its divine power is manifest. It has latent spirituality
and works miracles from time to time.
Going eastward from the great city for more than two hundred
li,
I reached
Aviddhakarṇa (known as Buchuaner, “Unpierced Ears,” in Chinese)
Monastery. The surrounding wall is not extensive but the decorative sculptures
are very exquisite. The flowers are reflected in the ponds and the terraces
and the ridges of the pavilions are close to one another. The monks are quiet
and solemn in deportment and the community lives in an orderly manner. I
heard some elderly people say that formerly in the country of Tukhāra, to the
north of the Himalayas, there were two or three
śramaṇa
s who took delight
in learning and often talked together at leisure times after having done religious
service and recitation, saying, “The wonderful principles and abstruse theories
cannot be thoroughly mastered through empty words, but the holy sites are
obvious and discernible and can be visited by making the journey on foot.
We should inquire of some close friends about the matter and go visit the holy
sites in person.” So the two or three friends, holding their pewter staffs in
hand, started the journey together. When they arrived in India they sought out
lodgings in a monastery, but the local monks despised them as frontiersmen
and refused to give them accommodation. As they had to stay out in the open
air, tired and hungry, they became thin and pallid and looked haggard. At that
time the king of that country, on a pleasure trip in the suburbs, saw the visiting
monks. He asked them with amazement, “Mendicants, from where and why
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
did you come here? Your ears are not pierced and you are dressed in such
dirty and shabby robes.” The
śramaṇa
s said in reply, “We are from the country
of Tukhāra. We respectfully follow the teachings of the Buddha and left the
world [to live as monks]. By our common wish we have come to pay homage
to the holy sites. But it is regrettable to say that, due to our deficiency in
blessedness, the Indian monks do not attend to us wayfarers. As we have not
completed our pilgrimage we wish to return to our native land, so we will
endure hardships and go home after our desire is fulfilled.”
Upon hearing these words the king felt pity for the travelers and constructed
a monastery at this superior place. He wrote down a rule on a piece of white
cotton that said, “It is due to the spiritual protection of the Triple Gem that
I am the most honored person in the world and the noblest in rank among
all people. Since I am a king of people and the Buddha has entrusted me [to
take care of the religion], I shall extend help to all monks in distress. This
monastery has been constructed exclusively for the entertainment of traveling
monks, and no monks with pierced ears shall stay in this monastery of mine
in the future.” It is on account of this event that the monastery is called
“Unpierced Ears.”
Going southeast for more than one hundred
li
from Aviddhakarṇa
Monastery, crossing the Ganges River to the south, I reached the town of
Mahāśāla. All the inhabitants are brahmans by caste and they do not follow
the buddha-dharma. When they meet Buddhist monks they inquire about
their learning, and if they find that the monks are learned they salute them
with deep respect.
At the north of the Ganges there is a Nārāyaṇa temple consisting of storied
pavilions and terraces arranged in tiers, all beautifully decorated. The statues
of various
deva
s are carved from stone with the most exquisite craftsmanship.
Their spiritual efficacy is difficult for me to describe in detail.
More than thirty
li
to the east of the Nārāyaṇa temple is a stupa built by
King Aśoka. A large part of it has collapsed into the ground and in front there
is a stone pillar more than twenty feet high with the figure of a lion on top.
Inscribed on the pillar is a record of the event of subduing demons. Formerly
there were some demons of the wilderness at this place who, relying on their
strength, ate human flesh and blood, doing harm to living creatures in a most
evil and monstrous manner. Out of compassion for the living beings who
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Fascicle VII
would die violent deaths, the Tathāgata, through his supernatural powers,
induced the demons to take refuge [in the Triple Gem] with veneration and
taught them to observe the precept of non-killing. The demons accepted the
Buddha’s teachings and circumambulated him with respect. Then they raised
a rock for the Buddha to sit on and wished to hear [him teach] the right
Dharma, which they protected wholeheartedly. Afterward, people who did
not believe in the buddha-dharma tried to push and remove the rock seat set
up by the demons but they could not move it, even though they numbered
in the thousands. Around the base of the rock there are luxuriant trees and
ponds of clear water and anyone who comes near the place is awestruck.
Not far from [the stupa of] subduing demons there are several monasteries.
Although they are mostly dilapidated there are still monks [living in them],
all of whom study and follow the Mahayana teachings.
Going from here to the southeast for over one hundred
li,
I came to a
stupa of which the base has slanted and sunk to one side; the remaining part
of it is a few scores of feet in height. When the Tathāgata entered nirvana
and the great kings of eight countries divided his relics, the brahman who
measured the relics smeared the inside of the measuring bottle with honey,
from which he made allotments for the kings. The brahman returned with
the bottle and, having obtained the relics that stuck to the inside of the meas-
uring bottle, he built this stupa and enshrined the bottle in it. Hence it is
called [Relic Bottle Stupa]. Afterward King Aśoka opened the stupa and
took out the relic bottle, for which he constructed a great stupa. On fast days
it often emits a brilliant light.
Crossing the Ganges at the northeast of this place and going for one hundred
forty or fifty
li,
I reached the country of Vaiśālī (formerly mistranscribed as
Pisheli, in the domain of Central India).
The country of Vaiśālī is more than five thousand
li
in circuit. The soil is
fertile and there is an abundance of flowers and fruit; mango and plantain
are plentiful and valuable. The climate is temperate and the people are simple
and honest by social custom. They take delight in doing good works and
attach importance to learning, and believe in both heterodox and orthodox
doctrines. There are several hundred monasteries, most of which are in ruins,
with the exception of a few that remain intact and house a few monks. There
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
are several tens of
deva
temples and the heretics live together. The sect of
the naked adherents flourishes here.
The city wall of the capital of Vaiśālī has badly collapsed and the original
base of the wall is sixty or seventy
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