kumbhīra
(crocodile), but it is safe for one to use the water with a mind of
deep respect. Beside the pond for washing robes is a big square rock on which
are the traces of the Tathāgata’s robes, with the lines as distinct as if they
were carved. Pure believers often come here to make offerings. If heretics
and evil people tread contemptuously on the rock the dragon king in the pond
raises a storm.
Not far from the pond is a stupa at the place where the Tathāgata, in the
course of practicing the deeds of a bodhisattva, was a six-tusked elephant
king. A hunter who wished to obtain its tusks disguised himself in a monk’s
robe and drew his bow to kill the elephant. Out of respect for the robe the
elephant king extracted its tusks and gave them to the hunter.
Not far from the place of the tusk extraction is a stupa at the place where the
Tathāgata, in the course of practicing the deeds of a bodhisattva, manifested as
a bird. Out of pity for the lack of kindness in the world, he asked a monkey and
a white elephant which of them was the first to see the banyan tree [under which
they were sitting]. Each gave an account and, according to their statements,
who was senior and who was junior was established. Their influence gradually
spread far and near and the people began to know the order of superiority and
inferiority, and both monks and laypeople followed their example.
Not far away is a great forest in which there is a stupa at the spot where
in the past the Tathāgata and Devadatta, both as deer kings, settled a dispute.
Formerly in this great forest there were two herds of deer, each of which had
more than five hundred animals. The king of this country once came to hunt
in the plain and marshland. The Bodhisattva deer king came forward and
said to the king, “Your Majesty is hunting with stout dogs in the plain, using
burning torches and flying arrows. All my followers will lose their lives this
morning and in a few days [their bodies] will become putrid and stinking
and will be unfit for food. I wish to supply you with a live deer every day in
rotation so that you may have fresh venison, and my followers will be able
to lengthen their lives to some extent.” The king, pleased by these words,
turned back his carriage. Thus each of the two herds provided the king with
a deer on alternate days.
Now in the herd of [the deer king] Devadatta there was a pregnant doe.
When it was her turn to be killed she said to the king of her herd, “Although
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it is my turn to die my child has nothing to do with this.” The deer king Deva-
datta said angrily, “Who does not value his life?” The doe remarked, sighing,
“Our king is not kindly and I may die at any moment.” So she asked for
emergency help from the Bodhisattva deer king. The Bodhisattva said, “How
compassionate is the mind of a benign mother, showing kindness to her child
that has not yet taken shape! I shall go in your place.” Then he went to the
gate of the king’s palace and the people in the street exclaimed, “The great
deer king has entered the town!” The officials and common people in the
capital rushed out to have a look. When the king heard about this he did not
believe it, but after the doorkeeper informed the king he understood that it
was true and said, “Deer king, why have you come here so abruptly?” The
deer said, “A doe was going to die in her turn but she is about to give birth
to a fawn, and I cannot bear the sight of her death. I venture to substitute
myself for her.” Hearing this, the king said with a sigh, “I am a human being
in form but I behave like a deer, and you are a deer yet you have the heart
of a human being!” The king then set free all the deer and asked for no more
sacrifices from them. The forest was allotted as a preserve for the deer and
therefore was called the Forest Given to the Deer; hence the name Deer Park.
Two or three
li
to the southwest of the monastery is a stupa more than
three hundred feet high. The base of the stupa is broad and high and it is
adorned with rare and brilliant valuables. There are no niches arranged in
rows but instead a dome in the shape of an inverted almsbowl was constructed
on the base. Although a stone emblematic pillar was erected it has no deco-
rative wheels or bells. Beside it is a small stupa built at the place where the
five people, Ājñāta-Kauṇḍinya and the others, gave up their restraint and greeted
the Buddha. When Prince Sarvārthasiddha (known as Yiqie yicheng, “Accom-
plishment of All Purposes” in Chinese, formerly called Xidaduo in erroneous
abbreviation) crossed over the city wall to live in seclusion in the mountains
and valleys, forgetting about himself to seek the Dharma, King Śuddho dana
gave orders to three clanspeople and two relatives, saying, “My son Sarvārthasid-
dha has left home to pursue his studies and is traveling alone in the mountains
and marshlands, sojourning in woods and forests. I order you to follow him
so I will know where he is staying. Inwardly you are his paternal and maternal
uncles, but outwardly he is your lord and you are his subjects. You should
know what to do in whatever circumstances.”
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The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions
Under the king’s order the five men served the prince as his guards, and
at the same time they also sought the way of emancipation. They often dis-
cussed among themselves whether they should cultivate the way to attain
liberation by practicing asceticism or by living in a pleasant manner. Two of
them said that one should cultivate the way in comfort, while the other three
held that one should cultivate the way in an arduous ascetic manner. They
argued about the matter without coming to a clear decision. The prince pon-
dered the ultimate truth and, in order to convince the heretics who led a life
of severe hardship, he took only gruel to sustain his life. Seeing this, the two
men said, “What the prince is doing is not the true Dharma. The way is some-
thing that should be realized in a comfortable manner. He is not of our group,
as he has taken to asceticism.” So they deserted the prince and fled far away
with the intention of attaining the fruit of sainthood.
After practicing asceticism for six years the prince did not achieve enlight-
enment and, wishing to prove that asceticism was not the true method, he
accepted milk gruel and attained the fruit of sainthood. Hearing this, the three
men said with a sigh, “At the last moment to gain success he has retrogressed.
All the effort he put forth in practicing asceticism for six years is abandoned
in a single day.” Then they went together to visit the two men [who had left
before]. When they saw one another, having seated themselves, they started
to talk bombastically, saying, “Formerly we saw that Prince Sarvārthasiddha
left the palace and went to the wilds; he took off his precious garments and
put on a deerskin, working hard and persevering to seek the deep and won-
derful Dharma wholeheartedly and painstakingly in order to win the supreme
fruit of sainthood. But now he has accepted milk gruel offered by some milk-
maids and is morally ruined, contrary to his original intention. We know all
about this but we could do nothing.” The two men said, “How is it that you
see it so late? He is merely a capricious person. When he was living in the
palace with honor and dignity he could not keep his mind in peace but went
far away to the forests, and he abandoned his position as universal monarch
to lead the life of a low and vulgar person. Why should we remember him?
The mention of him merely distresses us.”
After having bathed in the Nairañjanā River, the Tathāgata sat under the
bodhi
tree and attained full enlightenment and the title Teacher of Gods and
Humans. He sat quietly, meditating on who should be converted by him,
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Fascicle VII
thinking, “Udraka Rāmaputra, who has achieved the mental state of no thought
and no non-thought (
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